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FOR THE PEOPLE
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LIBRARY

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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

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SMITIISOXIAN MISCELLAKEOUS COLLECTIONS.

—. 181

E E Y I E W

AMERICAN BIRDS,

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

BY

S. F. BAIRD.

PART I.

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

WASHINGTON:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

,i.ay,)^('^

ADVERTISEMENT.

The accompanying sheets of a Revision of the Birds of North
and Middle America, by Prof. S. F. Baird, are disti'ibuted by the
Smithsonian Institution in advance of the completion of the whole
work, with the view of eliciting criticisms and suggestions from Orni-
thologists and Naturalists. Any remarks or corrections which may
tend to make the work more accurate and reliable, as well as speci-
mens of species not mentioned therein, or from localities other than
those indicated, will be thankfully received by the Institution.

JOSEPH HENRY,

Secretary S. I.
Smithsonian Institdtion,
Washington, 1864.

PHILADELPHIA :
COLLINS, PEINTEB.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
181

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS

IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

S. F. BAIRD.

PART I.

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

OSCINES.

Family TURDID^."

The American Turdidse, Saxicolidse, and Cinclidae are all closely
related to each other by the presence of common characters, which
distinguish them from the other allied American families of Oscines

' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and
Middle America in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, with such
critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci-
mens, or of such of them as best show the geographical distribution of the
species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had
the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included.
Species mentioned by authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned
at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong.

As understood in the present work, the term "North America" is intended
to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or
north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico,
to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California,
and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland.
Middle America extends from the same line southward to the continental
part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole
of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago.

Any specimens which may serve to extend the list of the species enumerated
as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for investigation,
will be thankfully received.

* For a synopsis of the American Turdidse, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859.
1 June, 136i.

2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. fPART I.

having uncovered nostrils and with ten primaries, the first of wliich
is either spurious or much shorter than the second, agreeing in this
respect with the Sylvicolidse having nine primaries only. The most
striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft toes,
of which the outer is united by the basal joint alone to the middle
toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first
joint.' The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the
very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately
slender, and usually notched at tip ; the culraen moderately curved
from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except
in a few cases. Usually the scutellae covering the front and sides
of the tarsus are fused into one continuous plate, or else scarcely
appreciable, except on the inner edge only ; in the Mocking Thrushes
they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly
equal, the outer rather the longer. "With these as some of the prin-
cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as
follows : — .

A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or inter-
spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles.

Saxicolidae. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the
middle of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half
times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very
short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing the
outer secondary reaches only about two-thirds the length of longest
primary.

Turdidae. Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle
of the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the
latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half
the length of second quill ; the second quill shorter than the fourth.
In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three-fourths or more
the length of longest primary.

' In a perfectly fresh specimen of Turdua vmsteJinus, the basal half of the
first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the 1st joint of the middle toe
by a membrane which stretches across to within two-fifths of the end of the
latter; there appears however to be no ligamentous adhesion. The basal
joint of the outer toe is entirely adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly
the basal half of the second joint to the distal end of the first joint of tli^
mid<lle toe. When this connecting membrane becomes dried the divisioii
of the toes appears considerably greater.

When the toes are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw
stretches a little beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of the
middle claw.

Tlie plates at the upper surface of the basal joints of the toes are quadran-
gular ami opposite each other.

TURDID^. 6

B. Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal
feathers soft and downy, aud no bristles or bristly points whatever
about the mouth.

Cinclidee. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and
concave.

The American Sylmadse are in some respects very closely related
to the Saxicolidse, but may be distinguished by their much smaller
size, more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus,
etc. ; on which account they are more strictly " fly-catchers," taking
their prey in great part on the wing.

Of the three families, the Turdidse contain a great variety of forms,
and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly diffi-
cult to arrange them in any systematic or regular sequence, or to
accurately define their boundaries. In my work on the Birds of North
America, I placed the Mocking Thrushes among the Wrens, on ac-
count of the distinct tarsal scutellas, and other characters. I am
now, however, inclined to believe, with Dr. Sclater, that their place
is with the recognized Turdidse ; and among other reasons, on the
ground of their more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward
of frontal feathers. On the other hand, I have included Donacohius
among the Thrushes, on account of the deeply cleft toes ; although,
as in the Wrens, the open nostrils are considerably in advance of
the frontal feathers.

The following synopsis of such American forms of Turdidse as I
have had the opportunity of examining, may serve to determine the
genera artificially, even though their natural affinities be somewhat
violated. Nowhere is it more difficult than here to furnish in linear
series, trenchant and positive characters which shall at the same
time express and illustrate their true relationships. Cichlerminia
and Cinclocerthia, which I have not seen, are placed by Dr. Sclater
the one between Turdus and 3Iargarops, the other between Bham-
phocinclus and Harioorhynch.us. The primary division is into
Turdinse, or species with the tarsi " booted," that is, having all the
scutellce fused into a continuous plate covering the front of the tarsus
and extending half way round on the two sides ; and Miminae, or
those with this same anterior half of the tarsus covered by a suc-
cession of imbricated overlapping scales, usually seven in number.
In one species of MimocicJila, placed in the first section, the division
of the scutellae are appreciable, although they are all fused into one
plate ; while in the Cat-bird the scutellse, in some specimens (as No.
20,396), are quite indistinguishable — the kg here being as much
" booted" as in the true Thrushes ; in others, however, they arc per-

4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

fectly distinct. Even in the first section individuals, in nearly all
the species, may be noted with indications of separate scutellae.

The Tardus gigas of Fraser has been placed among the typical
Thrashes, but realjy differs in many important points, as does still
more the T. aurantius of Jamaica, in shorter wings, much longer
1st primary, very long tarsi, and other characters of Miviocichla.
I have accordingly been obliged to consider as a good genus the
section Semimerula of Sclater, although I would prefer to consider
aurantius as the type rather than gigas and its allies : —

A. Turdinae. — Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous plate.

1. Wings decidedly longer than the tail,' which is nearly

even. Bill considerably shorter than the head.

First quill one-half to one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus longer than the head ; out-
stretched toes reaching beyond the tail . . Catharus.

First quill usually not one-fourth the second. Wings
pointed. Tarsus hardly the length of head, but
yet longer than middle toe ; outstretched toes
falling short of tip of tail .... Turdus.

Wings as in Turdus. Tarsus shorter than middle
toe. Bill short and very broad ; width greater
than distance from nostril to tip . . . Plati/cichla.^

First quill more than one-third the second. Wings
rounded. Tarsus considerably longer than
head ; outstretched toes falling short of tip of
tail. Bill lengthened Semimerula.

2. Wings about equal to the tail, which is somewhat

graduated. Bill stout, nearly as long as the head.
Tarsiis lengthened, considerably longer than mid-
dle toe and claw.
First quill more than one-third the second. Rictal

bristles very short Mlmocichla.

3. Wings longer than the tail, which is considerably

rounded. Bill longer than the head, and slightly
decurved.
First quill more than half the longest . . . Rhamphocinclus.

B. Miminae. — Tarsi scutellate anteriorly ; scutellse seven.

4. Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly

even. Tarsus as long as the head.
Tarsus hardly longer than middle toe and claw.
Bill about equal to the head, decidedly notched ;

' In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the coccyx,
inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the base of the quills at
their insertion. The wings are measured from the carpal joint, with dividers.

* Possibly Cichlopsis, Cab,, but differing much from his description.

TURDID-ffi.

wings rounded ; 1st quill more tlian half the
second ; 5th longest. Claws very strong and
much curved. Rictal bristles very short . . Margarops.
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely
notched ; wings pointed ; 1st quill less than
half the second ; 3d and 4th longest. Claws
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus con-
siderably longer than middle toe and claw . Oreoscoptes.
5. Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is con-
siderably graduated ; 1st quill half or more than
half the second.
Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad : the ex-
terior with outer web near the end, less than
one-third the inner.
Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved ; no

notch at tip ....... Ilarporhynchus.

Bill notched, shorter than head ; straight.

Scutellae very distinct ..... 3Jimus.

Scutellse more or less obsolete . . . Galeoscoptes.
Tail rather soft : the feathers broad ; the exterior with
outer web near the tip rather more than one-
third the inner (except in Donacobius).
Rictus without any bristles whatever . . . Melanoptila.
Rictus with well developed bristles . . . Mdanotis.
Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well
bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more
than half the central ; width of its outer web
half the inner ....... Donacobius.

Of the family Turdidse, as here given, the genera are all peculiar
to America, with the exception of Tardus; and even here our species
belong to sections scarcely if at all represented in the Old World,
except by stragglers from the American Continent!

The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some
divisions of Tardus, in its most general sense.

A very remarkable peculiarity of form is observable in some of the
species of Oreocincla, an Old World genus of Turdidse, consisting
in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character
quite unique, I believe, among the land birds.* Sundevall, in a
communication on the subject to Cabanis' Journal fvir Ornithologie
(1858, 159), gives 0. varia and malayana as having fourteen tail
feathers : the other species twelve. A specimen of 0. varia, how-
ever, in the Smithsonian collection, received from the Philadelphia
Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has
probably lost a sixteenth.

' See also Cabanis' Museum Heineanum, I, 1S50, 6.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

CATHARUS, BoxAP.

Catharus, Bonap. Consp. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, Boxap.)
Malacocichla, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryux, Gould.)

The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Sclater to include two
groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re-
semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as T. ftts-
cescens, etc., but without any spotting on the breast, and without
crest ; and Ilalacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at
least the head, are black, and with the feathers of the head above and
nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest.

The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble
such small Thrushes as Turdus fuscescens, nanus, etc. in coloration
and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape
and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in
some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and
fuller ; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar-
rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short,
rounded, and concave. The 1st quill in C. melpomene is nearly or
quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden-
talis the wings are more pointed, the 1st quill about one-third the
2d, which is between the tth and 8th in size. Here the bristles are
shorter; while in G. frantzii they are unusually long. C. occidenialis
forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (llalaco-
cichla) maculatus the 1st primary is shorter.

In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs reach either
very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it.

In one specimen of C. mel}Domene, from Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutellae are distinctly definable on
the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possiljle
that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with
a " boot," or a continuous plate, are distinctly scutellate — the scutellae
melting subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence
of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained
without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has
endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius.

As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species
of American Turdidse (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859), it will not be necessary
here to do the same.

» CATHARLS. 7

Catharus.
Cattaarus melpomene.

Tardus melpomene, Gab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). — Catharus
melpomene, ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.— Ib. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1,
No. 1.— Cabams, Jour. 1860, 322.— Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 29.

Catharus aurantiirosiris, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (uot of Haktlaub).

Hah. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala; Costa Rica.

Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of coloration and the in-
tensity of the rufcscence of tail and wings. The bill is generally
(in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky
towards the tip above ; sometimes this latter shade encroaches on
the culmen ; in one specimen (Xo. 22,362) the whole upper mandible
is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence's Collection it is
nearly as black as in G. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade
of grayish in the feathers of the chin ; but in none is there any in-
dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulum of occidentalis. The
legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color.
The rump and tail are always more rufous than the back, as in
Turdus pallasii and its allies, though the contrast is not so striking.

A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage,
differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in the back, and a
less intense shade of rufous on the rumj? and tail.* It is not im-
probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Hartlaub,
which is said to differ in the more olive back. Although Hartlaub
describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, includfng
the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more
rufous.

If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to
be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names
the priority should be assigned. The date of the aurantiirostris
is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte's " immaculatus."
The name " vielpomene^' appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum
Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed — this practice
not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth
signature, where the date of Jan. 1851 is printed at the bottom of
page 10*7. There is nothing whatever to show that even if the first
signature was published in 1850, it appeared as early as March.

' Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene-
zuela) ; Ib. Jard. Cont. Orn. 1851, 80, pi. Ixxii. Catharus aurantiirostris,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 323. Catharus immaculatus, Bon. Consp. Marcli, 1850,
278 (Caraccas).

8

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Note. — Additional specimens received from Costa Pvica — none in
very perfect plumage — agree in being all rather grayer, with less con-
trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and Guatemalan. The j,
however, vary considerably among themselves — some being quite
decidedly olivaceous on the back. The most olivaceous specimens
have the most brightly orange-colored bills. In some of the others
the bill above is light horn color. Xo. 33,259 has an unusually
large first primary — more than, half the longest.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boniau

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by-

No.

No.

Age.

22,362

33,122

Co id ova, Mex.

Verreaux.

16,841

Mexico.

J. Gould.

29.201

6S

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

32,451

322

"

"

32,4.i3

68

**

**

7,951

Juv.

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

1.3.661

Dr. Sclater.

30 650

30

Duenas, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

0. Salvin.

Salvin & Godman.

30,4S2

'^^

Sau Jose, Costa

Dr. Frantzius.

J. Carniol.

Mexico. [Rica.

Cab. of G. N. Law-

D'Oca.

2

Guatemala.

" [reace.

33 258

109

Dr. Frantzius.

33,256

110

"

3:3.2.59

J. Carniol.

33,255

'*

33,257

16,841. Upper mand. b'ark ; rufous or" wings very intense. — 29,201. Bill orange red, in skin
yellowish.— 33,259. 1st primary very large.

Catbarus occidentalis.

Catharus occidentalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 323, 370.— Ib. Cat. Am.
Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2).

ITab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec iSclater) ; Orizaba).

This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by
several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but
while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than
the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an
indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being
pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum-
beous ; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of
streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish
basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker
and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost black, except
the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and
more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an
inch, instead of .35 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and
narrower, its exposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one-

CATHARUS. 8

third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The
bill is shorter and more slender (.36 or less from tip to nostril, instead
of .42). The tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the
same length as in melpoynene (tarsus 1.25, middle toe and claw .85
in No. 22,361 ; a little less in 29,202).

It will be seen from the specimens indicated as from Orizaba, that
this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed.

List of Specimens.

Smith- Collec-' Sex

soQian tor's and

No. No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by-

22,361
29,202
32,454
32,45J
32,4.56
32,4.57
32,458

40,700
202
202
202
202
202
399

Mexico.
Orizaba, Mex.

Veneaux.

Prof. Siimichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

22,361. Not exactly Uke type.

Catharus frantzii.

Catharus frantzii, Cab. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323
(Costa Rica).

Ilab. Costa Rica.

No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent
olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on the
head above and nape ; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer
than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and
sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of throat
feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks,
middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty,
some of the feathers faintly edged with plumbeous. Tipper mandible
black ; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip ; legs pale brown.
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41;
tarsus, 1.36; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary,
.47, longer than the tenth.

Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears
to be a more immature stage of the same species. The upper parts
are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous ; the breast and
sides are also strongly marked with the same.

The Catharus frantzii is intermediate between C. melpomene and
occidentalis. The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the
latter, the head of much the same color. Different from either, the
outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of

io

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis,
or else they are very faintly indicated ; and the plumbeous of the
under parts is much darker than in melpomene. The bill and feet
are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter
species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpomene; the
bristles apparently very long.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30.482
.•?3,2".4
30,483

89

90

148

Ad.
Juv.

Costa Rica.

Dr. Frantzius.

Dr. Frant?ius.

Malacocichla.

Catharus dryas.

AJalacocirhJa dryas, Godld, P. Z. S. 1854, 285, pi. 79 (Guatemala). —
ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 7.— ScLATEK, p. Z. S. 1859, 324.

Uah. Guatemala.

Above slaty olive-green ; the top and sides of the head, including
lower jaw, continuous and deep black ; beneath light ochry yellow,
becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region ; crissum
tinged with brown ; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like
the back ; small indistinct spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat,
which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill
and legs yellow.

Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.60 ; 1st primary, .96 ; tail, 2.15 ; bill from
nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96.

This species is easily distinguished from C. maculatus^ of Ecua-
dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow
breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in pi'oportiou (in
maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00).

I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his
cabinet speciraea of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31,
Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does

' A specimen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from the Napo,
with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of M. maculatus received from
Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like HJ. dryas. Thus the upper parts,
instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace-
ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the
anal region, is of a snufiy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30).

CATHARUS. 11

not agree exactly with Mr. Gould's description, but is probably the
same species.

Catkarus me^icanus.

Malacocichla mexicana, Box. Coinptes Rendus, XLIII, Nov. 1856, 998
(Xalapa). — Catharus mexicanus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 324. — Ib.
Catal. 18(51, 1, uo. 4.
Hah. S. Mexico ; Guatemala.

Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and
base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending
to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy ; the chin
and throat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white ; breast and
sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow ; dusky along culmen ; tip
brownish yellow or very pale corneous.

Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.55 ; 1st primary, .90; tail, 2.80 ; bill, from
nostril, .40, from gape, .90 ; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe and claw, .88.

Specimen examined, Xo. 32 of Mr. Salvin's collection, Rio Poto-
chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1861 (lent by Mr. Salvin).

This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel-
lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The
olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the
head does not extend over the lower 'jaw. There is nothing of the
ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas.

*
TURDUS, Lisx.
Tardus, Libn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 168. (Type T. viscivorus of Europe.)

The genus Tiirdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing
species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia.
There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of
coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another
as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any
considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter
than the head ; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in
Eesperocichla) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather
long and pointed, with small 1st primary (less than one-fourth the
second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even,
with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull,
the scutellse fused into a continuous plate ; only in rare individual
instances showing indications of the lines of separation.

The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing,
with some accuracy, the characters of the American species : —

12 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Sexes similar.
Hylocichla. Smallest species. Bill short, broad at base ; much depressed.
Tarsi long and slender, longer than middle toe and claw by the additional
length of the claw ; outstretched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail.
Body slender. Color: above olivaceous, or reddish, beneath whitish;
breast spotted ; throat without spots.

Turdus. Bill stouter and higher. Tarsi short, scarcely longer than middle
toe and claw. Body stout, geoerally whitish beneath and spotted. (2d
quill longer than 5th ?).

Planesticus. Similar to preceding. (2d quill shorter than 5th ?). Beneath
mostly unicolored ; uustreaked except the throat, which is whitish with
dark streaks.

Sexes dissimilar.
Merula. Similar to Turdus. Male usually more or less black, especially on
the head ; females brownish, often with streaked throats. Bill distinctly
notched.

Hesperocichla. Similar to Turdus. Male reddish beneath, with a black
collar. Bill without notch.

Of the preceding sections into which I have divided Turdus, the
first one is possibly entitled to full generic rank. It is intended to
include the small North American species, with Turdus mustelinus,
Gm., at the head as type, which are closely connected on the one side
with Catharus, by their lengthened tarsi, and with Turdus by the
shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more depressed, and broader
at base than in typical Turdus, so much so that the species have
frequently been described under Muscicapa.

The section Turdus, as well as the entire genus itself, lias as its
type Turdus viscivorus of Europe, We have no native representa-
tive of this group — one species only, Turdus iliacus, coming into
the American fauna from its occurring in Greenland.

Planesticus, first announced, as far as I can ascertain, by Bona-
parte in his Notes on Delattre's Collection, 1854, 27, appears to have
as its type T. jamacensis (T. lerehoulleti of Bonaparte, erroneously
credited to Colombia instead of Jamaica). It is among these species
that we find the closest relationships to the large European Thrushes,
as viscivorus, etc. The legs are short and stout. In the best known
species — T. migratorius — there is an occasional indication of sepa-
rate scutellce on the lower part of the tarsi, to which Kaup has
called attention in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. I find the same
feature in a specimen of T. viscivorus, No. 18,116, in T. torquaius,
18,944, and many other species, and consider it merely a condition
of immaturity of development.

CATHARUS. 13

The type of llerula (Leach, 1816) is Turdus merula of Europe.
It differs from the American species I have seen in having the claws
much longer and less curved.

Turdus nsevius should be removed from its position among the
Planestici and placed either among 3Ierula, or even assigned to a
separate division. It agrees with Merula in the dissimilarity of color
in the sexes ; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a
much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at
the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in T. viigratorius,
more like typical T. vierula. In form it is perhaps nearer T. tor-
quatus than other species of Merula.

It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to
the section of Turdus, of which nsevius is the type. Bonaparte,
in his Notes on Delattre, states that Turdus nsevius, Gm., is the type
of his new genus Ixoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a
true Tseniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his
supposed species, T. nsevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that
it proved to be the Tsenioptera rujiventris, of South America, a
bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus
nsevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his
genus Ixoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonaparte's errone-
ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely
different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light.
Under these circumstances, if Ixoreus is not to be applied to nsevius,
must it not be assigned to Tsenioptera rujiventris, in case that
species should need a new generic appellation ; or should it be
dropped altogether ? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter
view, and accordingly propose the name Hesperocidila.

It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement
of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the
affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old
World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have
before me.

Hylocichla.
Turdus mustelinus.

Turdus mustehnns, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. — Apdcbon, Om.
Biog. I, 1832, 372, pi. 73.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 24, pi. 144.—
D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1S40, 49.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,
212.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861,
2, No. 6.

Turdus melodus, Wils. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pi. ii.

Turdus densus, Bonap. Comptea Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2.— Ib. Notes
Delattre, 1854, 26 (Tabasco).

14 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I-

Additional figures: Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 11, pi. Ixii.— Wilson, Am.
Oiii. I, pi. ii.
Hah. U. S. east of Missouri plains, south to Guatemala. Cuba, La Sagra ;
Honduras, Moore (Pr. Z. S. 1859, 55).

This species varies less in its markings and shade of color than
perhaps any of our small spotted Thrushes. In some there is a faint
tinge of pale buff on the under parts, which are nearly pure white in
others, with the wash of buff restricted to the breast. Some speci-
mens appear more spotted beneath than others, but this is the case with
Northern skins (as 1569, from Carlisle) equally with more Southern ;
in fact specimens from Guatemala and Mexico exhibit precisely the
same variations in this respect. I am, therefore, not disposed to
consider Turdus densus, of Bonaparte, as a good species, unless
possessing distinctive characters not mentioned by that author, and
other than that of being more thickly spotted beneath, with the spots
larger and the bird smaller.

The young Turdus mnstelinvs is like the adult, except in having
rusty yellow triangular spots in the ends of the wing coverts.

Dr. Sclater gives Jamaica as one of the winter localities of this
Thrush. Mr. March has never met with it, and is of the opinion
that the bird referred to by Gosse is the Mimus hiUii, at one time
supposed by the Jamaican Ornithologists to be the T. mustelmus.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

4,650

8,. 390

22,.3.-.6

7,947

20,392

'96
34,414

3
377

I

Fort Pierre, Neb.
Independence, Mo
Mexico.
Guatemala.

Coban, Vera Paz.

May 3,18.5.5.
June 22, '.57.

Col. Vaughan.
W. M Magraw.
Vevreaux.
J Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.
0. Saivin.

Dr. Hayden.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

Constancia.

8,390

Iris b

rown.

Turdus pallasii.

Turdus pallasii, Cabanis, Wiegmanii's Archiv, 1S47 (i), 205. — Ib. Jour-
nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212.—
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 325.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 2, No. 7.

Turdus solitarius, Wilson, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Lixn^us). —
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212.

Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72.

Turdus guttatiis, Cabanis, Tscbudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not
Muscicapa guttata of Pallas).

CATHARUS.

15

Additional figures : Aud. Birds Am. Ill, pi. cxlvi. — Ib. Orn. Biog. I,
pi. Iviii.

Edb. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cab. Mexico ?

A large series of specimens from the northern parts of the United
States shows considerable variations in color, etc. In all, of course,
the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of the
upper parts. The shade of color here varies considerably, however:
generally it is of reddish olive, sometimes as bright and of the same
shade as in T.fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), though generally
a little less intense. In two specimens only does the back have the
olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,225, Washington ;
29,649, Maine), as in T. sicainsonii and iianiis. These specimens are
almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge
of sides and crissum of j)allasii. In many specimens there are vestiges
of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts.

The under parts do not vary much, although sometimes the tinge
of pale buff across the breast is more decided ; sometimes nearly-
wanting. The size is pretty constant ; the wing rarely exceeds 3.75,
in one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85 ; in half the speci-
mens it is about .20 less. The bill, too, is pretty constantly .40
from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15.

A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing
c6verts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish.

I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the
United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba ; but it may
be the auduboni, as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable
rather to the latter variety.

List of Specimens.

Smith-
sonian

•No.

31,413

CoUec- Sex
tor's aud

No.

Locality.

Fort Simpson, B A.
Fort, Peel's River.
Ft. Rae, Slave Lake.
Ft. Resolution, "

When
Collected.

Received from

Sep. 6, 1860.

B. R. Ross.

C. P. fjaudet.
L. Clark, Jr.
J. Lockhait.

Collected by

Turdus nanus.

Tardus nanus, AtJD. Om. Biog. V, 1839, 201, pi. cci. — Baird, Birds N. A.

1858, 213.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859.— 1b. Catal. 1861.
? Turdus aonnlaschta, Gjielin, S. N. I, 1788, 808.
?? Muscicapa guttata, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 465.

Hah. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains,
south to Cape St. Lucas.

16

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have little to add to the remarks on this species in the Birds of
North America, except that the predominant shade in the back is
the olive of sioainsonii rather than the reddish of fuscescens, as in
T. pallasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in the
bill, which, besides being smaller, is much more depressed, as in
Anthus. The height of the bill at the base just back of the nostrils
in pallasii is from .17 to .19 of an inch, while in nanus it is only .15.
The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .35 or .36 ; the length of
tarsus, LOT to 1.10 ; the wing, 3.30 to 3.48. The clear plumbeous
cast of the flanks and thighs, and the white crissum of nanus, con-
trast characteristically with the rufous tinge of the same parts in
pallasii. The legs are rather darker and considerably more slender.

Pallas, in his Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1831 (?), 465, de-
scribes a Muscicapa guttata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian
American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro-
bability, a young Thrush in the immature spotted plumage, and if
any described North American species, may, from its size and colora-
tion, be referred to Turdus nanus, rather than to any other Thrush.
Should this be substantiated, the name guttatus must take prece-
dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer
to make no change at present until young birds of the species can
be procured. A young T. pallasii shows some rather marked differ-
ences from Pallas' description.

List of Specimens.

Sraith-

CoHec-

Sex

soniaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

8,168

16,14:3

3J3

y

10,88")

d

8.170

32,16.5

10,781

d

Locality.

Sacramento Valley.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Fori Biidtrer.
Frontera, Tex.
San Gertrude Mt.,
Cape St. Lucas.

When

Collected.

May 20, 'i
April 29
May 8.

Eeceived from

Lt. Williamson.
J. Feiluer.
C. Drexler.
Major Emory.

J. Xantus.

Collected by

Dr. Newberry.
Chas.' Wright.

Turdus audu1)oiii.

Turdus auduboni, Baird.

Merula silens, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, 1827,369 (not Turdus silens of
ViEiLLOT, Encycl. Mtth. II, 1823, 647, based on T. mustelinus, Wils.
= T. fuscescens). — Ib. Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 1831, 186. — Baird,
Birds N. Amer. 1858, 213, and 922.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 325
(La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).— Ib. CataL Am. Buds, 1861,
2, no. 9.

Eab. Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico.
Since ray article on the genus Turdus was published in the Birds

TURDUS.

17

of North America, I have seen several other specimens of the large
race of Turdus pallasii. The back is rather more olivaceous than
in pallasii, the rump paler and less rufous, and the colors generally
much as in nanus. In the largest specimen (10,886, from Fort
Bridger) the wing is 4.18 inches ; tail, 3.60 ; bill, from tip to nostril,
.45; tarsus, 1.26. Other specimens from Mexico and Guatemala
are a little smaller, but all exceed pallasii in size.

This species or race appears to belong to the high table lands of
North America ; the skin collected by Mr. Drexler, at Fort Bridger,
and that from Cantonment Burgwyn (both localities in the Rocky
Mountains), being however the only specimens recorded from the
United States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common
in Mexico and Guatemala.

A specimen from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the
grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true
pallasii. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Sclater refers to
as T. pallasii from Orizaba.

Whether the present bird be specij&cally distinct from T. pallasii
or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of
larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true
T. pallasii is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi-
grating south of its limits, the T. auduboni belongs to the central
North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaba.

As the name of T. sileyis is pre-occupied in the genus by Yieillot,

I have ventured to affix the name of T. auduboni to the present bird,

basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger

(10,886).

List op Specimens.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

-Age.

10,SS6

4S3

r^

11,734

7,950

].%,')79

13,580

32,459?

355

Locality.

Fort Bridtrer?
Cantonment Bur-
Mexico. [gwyn,N.M.

Orizaba.

When

Collected.

May 28, '58.

Received from

0. Drexler.

Dr. W. W. Ander-

J. Gould. [son.

Prof. Snmichrast.

Collected by

10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 1125; 3.75.

Turdus fuscescens.

Tardus miistelinus, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 98, pi. 43 (not of Gmelin).

Turdus fuscascens, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. Birds, X, i, 1817, 182.
Cab. Jour. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.—
ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 326.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10.

Turdus silens, Vieill. Encyclop. Meth. II, 1823, 647 (based on T. muste-
linus, WiLS.).
2 June, 1364.

18

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Turdus wilsonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 73.

Turdus minor, D'Okb. La Sagra's Cuba Ois. 1840, 47, pi. v (Cuba).

Hah. Eastern North America ; Cuba; Panama (winter).

There is not much variation in the color, and but little in the size
of this species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct
than common, but less so than in T. ustulatus, aud they never extend
so far back.

It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler
obtained the true T. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky
Mountains, instead of T. ustulatus, its western representative.

The collections of the Smithsonian Institution do not contain
specimens of this species from any point north of Fort Garry, nor
south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has
a skin from the Isthmus of Panama. I do not find it quoted as from
beyond the United States by recent authors.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected,

Eoaian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,299

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Winton.

18,683

ie

Portsmouth, N. H.

E. Coues.

13,132

Red River Settle-

C. S. Hubbard.

18,i522

23

" [ment,B.A.

D. Gann.

13.698

cf

Rainv Lake. 1 May 29.

R. Kennicott.

4,713

Mo. of Vermilion, j

Lt. Wairen.

Dr. Hayden.

10,881

§

Fort Bridger, Utah. May 27, '58.

C. Drexler.

8

^

Panama.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

13,132. No. 2,2.56. Eggs. No. 8. Cabinet of G. N. Lawrence.

Turdus ustulatus.

Turdus ustulatus, Ndttall, Man. 1, 1840, 400 (Columbia River). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 1.— Cooper & Sdckley, P. R.
Rep. XII, II, 1860, 171.

Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication
of the " Birds of North America," have satisfied me of the validity
of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I
find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to
some extent of the tibiae), as compared with their purer ash in fus-
cescens to be a constant one. The spots on the breast are much
better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The
Bides are more of a yellowish-brown. The bill is much darker,
being dark browni except at the base of the lower mandible, which is
yellowish, and in marked contrast to the remainder; while in fusees-

TURDUS. 19

cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish
(sometimes scarcel}'^ appreciable) towards the end.

This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of the
limits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon^ nor as far east
as the Rocky Mountains — the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck
Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3,
1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly.
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative,
T. fuscescens.

Turdus svrainsonii.

Tardus swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla-
TER & Salvix, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala). — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
451 (Ecuador) ; 1859, 326.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 2, uo. 11,— Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.— Gundlacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).

Tardus minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (iu part).

Turdus olivaceus, Giradd, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.).

(?) Turdus minimus, Lafkesnaye, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5. — Sclater, P. Z. S.
1854, 111.— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).—
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.)
Hab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia,
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador.

There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck,
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same
extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni-
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually
almost inappreciable.

Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce
a resemblance to T. aliciae ; but here the persistence of the yellowish
ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex-
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonii.
It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions
where both breed abundantly.

The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35
from front of bill to nostril ; in one or two specimens iu the series,
as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as

20 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

alicia&. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill only .30
from nostril to tip; the tarsi, .99; wing, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an
average specimen from Carlisle (2,639) the bill is .40 ; tarsus, 1.12 ;
wing, 3.75 ; tail, 2.85.

A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence's collection,
and which he refers to the Turdus minimus of Lafresuaye, is smaller
than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. It is a
very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ;
but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings
and tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the
specimen as anything more than T. sivainsonii, perhaps a short
billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong.

If the Tardus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it
would appear to be different from any of the varieties of T. sioain-
sonii.

This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was
formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger,
Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerly, of the
N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. North-
ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mackenzie,
and across from there to Fort Yukon ; in fact it occurs throughout
the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci-
mens from Labrador, where, however, T. alicise seems abundant.

Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo-
gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92
of Dr. Bryant's collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of
the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than
common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther
back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those
on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The
flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much
lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the
eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow.

I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi-
cally distinct from Turdus swainsonii, as North American skins
vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching
it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to
the average of swainsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem
shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at
least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36;
tarsus, 1.04 ; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American
bird. The bill is fully as large.

TURDUS.

21

The Turdus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even
more like typical North American birds.

It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the
true T. minimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird
being of a smoky brown tinge above, "just as in Seiurus aquaticus
(noveboracensis),'' a decidedly different color.

List of Specimens.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

eoniaa
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2.:a,622

Moose Factory, H.

J. Mackenzie.

20,616

79

[Bay.

Julys, '60.

C. Drexler.

C. tttexler.

20,614

485

Fort Georcre.

July 11, -60.

"

23,2S8

St. Ste[iheiis, N. B.

G. A. Boardman.

2,206

rC

Carlisle. Pa.

May 3,1845.

S. F. Baird.

22,2o0

544

WashiiigtOQ.

D. W Prentiss.

27,189

86

V

Fort Yukon.

June 20.

Jas. Lock hart.

27,182

1,190

rf

"

"

R. Keniiicolt.

23,221

Fort Good Hope.

R W. M'Failane.

27,188

V

Fort SiiMp,<on.

B R. Ross.

22,612

649

Bifi Island.

"

Jno. Reid.

19,479

Fort Resolution.

May 2.

R. Kennicott.

17,980

62

Siiskatcliewan.

1859.

"

11,58.5

Red Hiver Sett.

D. Gunn.

6,818

^

Black Hills.

Sept. IS.

Lt. Warien.

Dr. Hayden.

8,30 ;

15

ludependeiice, Mo.

M.ir. 27,'57.

W. M. Magraw.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,993

H"

St. Louis, Mo.

May 15, '57.

Lt. Biyan.

W. S. Wood.

4, .324

Calcasieu, La.

1854.

G. Wurdemann.

12,199

Red Fork of Arkan-
sas.

Dr. S. W. Wood-
liouse.

8,21.5

147

Fort Laramie.

Sep. 10, '57.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

10,887

rf

Fort Bridijer,

May 27, '58.

C Drexler.

22,037

93

Bitter R.xit Valley.

Sep. 3, '60.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

21,916

549

rf

Clark's Fork of Col.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

21,917

538

V

" [River.

"

"

13, .177

Mexico.

J. Gould.

7,948

"

"

13,.57S

Guatemala.

"

20,393

Cobaii, Vera Paz.

0. Salvia.

5

Panama.

1862.

Cab. Lawrence.'

M'Leannan.

(2,206.) 7.40; 12.08; 4.08. (8,302.) Iris browtj.

Turdus aliciae.

Tardus alicix, BaiSd, Birds N, Am. 1858, 217, pi. 81, fig. 2.— Coues, Pr.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Aug. 1861, 217 (Labrador)

The validity of this species, first established in 1858, in the " Birds
of North America," has since been substantiated, and its geographical
distribution ascertained by numerous specimens in the Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution. Labrador and the Lower Mackenzie
River, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and to the
south, Costa Rica, have all been added to the regions known to be
inhabited by it. It is, in fact, a very remarkable circumstance, that
for two or three years past it has been more abundant around Wash-

• Type of minimus of Lawrence.

22 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ington than sivainsonii itself. It certainly is much more common
now than formerly, as none of the older collections embrace it among
their species, while it is frequently met with at the present time.

As originally described, it diifers from swainsonii in larger size,
longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower bill.
The back is of a greener olive. The breast and sides of the head
are entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly
indicated on the upper part of the breast. The most characteristic
features are seen on the side of the head. Here there is no indica-
tion whatever of the light line from nostril to eye, and scarcely
any of a light ring round the eye — the whole region being grayish-
olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks on the ear coverts.
The sides of body, axillars, and tibiae are olivaceous gray, without
any of the fulvous tinge seen in swainsonii. The bill measures .40,
from tip to nostril sometimes more; tarsi, 1.21; wing, 4.20; tail,
3.10 — total, about 1.50. Some specimens slightly exceed these
dimensions ; few, if any, fall short of them.

At the time that this species was described, in 1858, the only
known localities were Illinois and the line of the Missouri River
along the mouths of the Vermilion and the James Rivers. Since
that time its distribution has been found to be much more extensive.
Although not yet found west of the Missouri, nor on it above Fort
Union, it is abundant along the Lower Mackenzie, and especially
about Fort Anderson, on Anderson Rivei*. It is rare on the Youkon,
as well as on Slave Lake, except perhaps at the western extremity.
Mr. Coues found it abundant in Labrador. It is now particularly
common in the spring about Washington, and a few specimens have
been obtained about Philadelphia.* South of this it has not been
noticed with the single exception of the specimen recorded below.
Dr. Bryant, however, thinks he has seen it in Dr. Gundlach's Cuban
collection.

In a word, its distribution in North America, as at present known,
is from the Missouri River and the Mackenzie on the west, to Wash-

' Mr. J. A. Allen, in a paper on the Birds of Springfield, Mass. (Pr. Essex
Institute, IV, 1864, 5(j), speaks of Tardus alicise as abundant about Springfield,
and as grading so insensibly into the T. swainsonii, as not to be entitled to
consideration as even a strongly marked variety. I am inclined, however, to
think, from the nature of his remarks and comparisons, that he has not seen
what I call T. aliciae.

During the many years I collected birds about Carlisle, and in the course
of which I killed large numbers of T. sioainsnnii, I never saw an alicia?, although
I observed the same variations in shade and color of the former referred to by
Mr. Allen.

TURDUS.

23

ington and Philadelphia on the east, and northward to the shores
of the Arctic Ocean, where, however, it is confined within narrow
limits of lono-itude.

Smith-

Collec-

S-^x

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

27,323

194

?

27,203

1,420

22,607

9

IS 072

100

rf

4,708

rf

10,084

22,288

22,240

30,485

91

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Fort Youkcin. j JuneSO, '61.

Lii Pierre's House, j

' ort Auder-o». '

Fort Simp.son. i Sept 10, '60.

Grosvater B.iy, Lab. ' 1860.

Mo. of Verrailioa. I May 8, '56.

W. Northlield, 111. i

Ohio. I

Washington, D. C. i

San Jose, Costa Rica.

J. Liickhart.

B R. Ross.

R. Mai^l arlane.

B. R. Ro>s.
Elliot Cuiies.
Lt. Warren.
R Keunicott.
J. M. W^heaton.

C. Drexler.

Dr. A. V. Frantzius,

J. Flett.

Dr. Hayden.
Alice Keunicott.

(27,323.) 7.20; 12.10; 4.10. (10,084.) Type.

Turdiis iliaciis.

Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 168, and of European
authors. — Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland),

The occurrence of this well known European species in Greenland
brings it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland
specimens are recorded by Dr. Reinhardt : one of them shot at
Frederickshaab, Oct. 20, 1845.*

Planesticus.
Turdus jamaicensis.

Turdus jamaicensis, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 809. — GossE, Birds Jam.
1847, 142.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 271.— March, Pr. A. N. S. 1863,
292.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 327.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 3, no. 13.

Turdus capucinus, Hartlaub, Bp. Consp. 271.

Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, Jan. 1854, 3.

Hab. Jamaica.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

22,144

Spanish town. Jam.

W. T. March.

' This species is smaller than our Robin (Z". migratorius'), but of a similar
grayish-olive above, including the head. The under parts are white; the
feathers of the lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides,
axillars, and inner wing covert are reddish cinnamon. A conspicuous white
streak over the eye and extending as far back as the nape. Bill black, yel-
low at base of lower jaw. Legs pale-colored. Second quill longer than fifth.
Length, about 8.25 ; wing, 4.64 ; tail, 3.45 ; bill, from gape, 1.07, from nostril,
.44; tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described: 18,718,
% , received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich.

24

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Turdus leucaiiclien.

Tardus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 447.— Sclatek, Ibis, 1S59,
6. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 18(J1, 3, no. US.

Hab. Guatemala. Mexico?

Description of No. 30,647. (Compared with type.) Above black-
ish ash, with tinge of olivaceous ; wings and tail blackish brown,
almost black. Beneath pale brownish ash ; axillars and under wing
coverts tinged with yellowish ; flanks rather darker ; middle of abdo-
men and crissum white. Inner edges of the quills towards base not
lighter than elsewhere, but brown. Chin and upper throat white,
the feathers streaked centrally with black ; a conspicuous pure white
patch at lower end of throat. Legs horn color ; bill yellowish,
tinged with brown along culmen towards the tip.

Length, 9.25 (skin) ; wings, 4.80 ; tail, 4.20 ; bill, from nostril, .50 ;
tarsus, I.IG; middle toe and claw, 1.10; longest primary (4th and
5th), 1.10, longer than the shortest; 2d intermediate between 6th
and 7th.

Specimens from Costa Rica, compared with 30,647, are smaller;
the back more olivaceous ; the median line of the belly whiter; the
crissal feathers longer and more edged with plumbeous ; the bill
more tinged with brown. A triangular yellowish spot in the larger
coverts apparently indicates a slight immaturity.

Bmith

CoUec-

Sex

soniao

tor's

and

No.

No.

Ai^fe.

22, .360

43,463

32 6S4

43,46S

V

20 .5SS

1,4.52

30,647

3,011

7

3.3.263

23

!<

33,264

23

d

Locality.

"Mexico."

Choctun, Vera Paz,
[Guat.
Guatemala.
Dota Alts., Costa
" [Rica.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1860.
Jan.27, '64.

Keceived fiom

E. Verreaux.
0. Salvin.

Cab. of G. N. Law-
J. Carniol. [rence.

Collected by

30.647. "Coinp.ired with type." 33,263. Length, 9; extent, 13. Ins yellowish-brown.
33,264. Iris brown.

Turdus assimilis.

Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 4.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 ;
1859, 370 (eggs).— Ib. Catal. Am. Bi/ds, 1861, 3, no. 15.

Hab. Mexico (Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Oaxaca;. Guatemala.

No. 22,351. Upper parts uniformly yellowish-olive, very much
as in the brighter varieties of Turdus swainsonii. Wing and tail
feathers (concealed portions) brown, of similar shade, without the

TURDUS. 25

olive. Beneath pale grayish fulvous, rather darker on the flanks,
where the color is much as on the back. Belly to crissum white.
Chin white, the feathers streaked centrally with blackish brown ; a
whitish region posterior to the streaks.

Axillars yellowish fulvous, as also to a rather less degree, the in-
side of the wings, including the basal portion of inner webs of the
quills. Bill and legs horn color, the under mandible paler.

Length, 8.15 ; wing, 5.20; tail, 4.30; bill to nostril, .51 ; tarsus,
1.20 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12 ; claw alone, .30 ; longest primary
exceeds the shortest by 1.20 ; second quill intermediate between the
6th and 7th (.16 longer than the latter).

This specimen, in color of upper parts, wings and tail, is very
similar to Tardus grayi, although readily distinguishable by the
white abdomen, darker throat-streaks, etc.

Tardus leacauchen is distinguishable at a glance from T. assimi-
lis, by its colors, almost black above, not fulvous ; light plumbeous
ashy beneath, not pale fulvous ; uniform bi'own of inner webs of
quills, and dark axillars, not decidedly paler and fulvous ; greater
amount of white on the throat ; yeltow bill ; shorter and more
rounded wings, etc.

I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what
I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and leucauchen, to
introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two,
all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater ; 30,648
from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin ; 22,351, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux.
In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ;
the wings and tail are nearly as dark ; the back, however, is green-
ish-olive ; the under parts similar, but paler ; the axillars with a
little more fulvous ; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation-
ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars
almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some dark shaft spots and streaks
in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of
immaturity.

The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described
above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564
would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,351 to the latter.
With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr.
Salvin, also agrees quite closely — the axillars only being rather more
fulvous.

It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi-
ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while
22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Sclater evidently refers to
this intermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 310.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. ^ Y,^"""^
■> Collected.

Received from

Collected by

22,351
22,3.i7
18,564
30,648

40,790
40,789

"l2
6

?

Mexico.

Orizaba, Mex.

Duenas, Guat. 1860.

Xalapa.

Veneaux.

Dr. Sclater.
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Botteri.
D Oca.

Turdus grayi.

? Merula tristis, Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Tardus tristis, Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, 294; 1859, 330.
2\rdus grayi, Bon. P. Z. S. 1837, 118.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 272.—

Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs). — Sclater, Catal. 1861,4,

no. 22.— Cabanis, Journ. for 1860, 323.
? Planesticus luridus, Bon. Comptes Rendas, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New

Grenada).
Turdus casius, Bon. Comptes Rendu?, XLI, 1855, 657. — Turdus cxsius,

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 330.— Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Ljc. 1861, 326

(Panama).

Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz) ; Costa
Rica.

In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in
individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe-
cially as the separation in one character does not correspond with that
based on another ; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela-
tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color
and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities.
In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the
same light cinnamon as the inner coverts ; this color sometimes
sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ;
while m some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest
trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable.

In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the
quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming
a conspicuous and well defined edging. In Iso. 30,646, however
(a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable.

No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00;
wing, 5.15 ; tail, 4.80 ; bill to nostril, .60 ; tarsus, 1.25). The colors
are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills

TURDUS.

21

only veiy slightly fulvous, without any well defined edging. This
is also the case with some Costa Rica skins.

Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan.
In all there is a decided bare space behind the eye, less marked,
however, especially around the eye, than in T. gyinnophthalmus.
The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, differing mainly in
the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body.

Male and female specimens from Panama, in Mi*. Lawrence's col-
lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred
to above.

I do not consider the evidence before me favorable to the separa-
ration of T. csesius from the original grayi ; and therefore, for the
present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus lu?-idus, Bon.
Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Grenada, probably, as suggested by
Sclater, belongs here also.

It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestici the Turdus
tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of " olive brown, be-
neath whitish ; chin with black spots ; under wing coverts pale fer-
ruginous ; bill and legs brown," really suits T. leucauchen better
than grayi, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far
from the truth to admit of bein"; identified with either.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

1

When

Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

13,664

1 Xalapa, Mex.

P. L. Sclater.

D'Oca.

33,r)70

16r>

! Mirador, Mex.

Nov. 1863.

Dr. Sartorius.

22 3.>9

40,793

9

Cordova? Mex.

Verreaux.

32,656

14,080
9

"^

Mexico.

Jalapa. [Guat.

Cab. Lawrence.

20,394

1,449

Tactic, Vera Paz,

Jan. I860.

0. Salvin.

30,646

3,015

V

1 Cobaii, " [dor.

1861.

"

30,859

rf

] Acajutla, SanSalva-

Aug. 11, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

30,481

17

SanJose Costa Eica.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

Carniol.

33,260

1 "

J. Carniol.

33,262

1 "

33,261

147

8

11

10

?

Guatemala.
Panama.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

Cab. Lawrence.
" 1
" 1

••••••

1.3.664.

4.80

1.25;

33,. ^70.

22,3.59.

4 70;

1.30;

9

4.70;

1 .30;

20.394.

4 60

1.18;

30,646.

4 80

1.25;

30,8.59.

.5.1-)

1 .30;

30,481.

4.75

1.20;

8.

4.. 50

1 22;

11.

4.40

1.20;

10.

4.8.3

1.20;

1.05. Inner edges of quills cinnamon ; sharply defined.

1.10. " " " "

1.13. Cinnamon; not sharply defined.

1.15. " sharply defined.

1.15. Paler, only a trace of cinnamon.

1.17.

1.12. Cinnamon; sharply defined.

1.10.

1 05. Paler, not edged with cinnamon.

1.10. " " "

' T. casius, Lawr.

28 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Turdus oI)soletus.

Tardus obsoletus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1862 ( % , Panama).
Hab, Isthmus of Panama.

Male : Second quill betwee-n 6tli and 7th ; 4th and 5th longest.
Color above dark brownish olive, deepest on the head ; beneath show-
ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the sides ;
throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers
obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts
pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the
quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon
at the end (an indication of immaturity ?). Bill and legs uniform
brown.

Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from
nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17 ; middle toe and claw, 1.15.

I owe the opportunity of examining this species to the kindness
of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci-
men No. 12, collected by Mr. M'Leannan in 1862. The peculiar
dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law-
rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to the watering
of silks, etc. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of
the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous.

This species may be the female of one of the black species as
suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr. Lawrence ; but I am
unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked
as a male by Mr. M'Leannan.

' Turdus migratorius.

Tardus migralorius, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.— Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, 294 ; 1859, 331.— Ib. CataL Am. Birds, 1861, 4.— Baird, Birds

N. Am. 1858, 218.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 172.
Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ix, Ixi. — Wilson, Am. Orn.

I, 1808, pL ii.— DouGUTY, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pi. xii.— Audubon,

Birds Am. Ill, pL 142; Orn. Biog. II, pi. 131.

Hab. The whole of North America ; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova) ; Cuba, very
rare (Gundlach) ; Tobago (Kirk).

In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the
inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with
blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges,
and the black of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also
usually a well defined whitish tip, half an inch long, to the outer tail
feathers.

TURDUS.

29

In Rocky Mountain skins, the tail is either black except a very
narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern specimens are re-
placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined,
the interscapular feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts
without the faint brownish wash so frequently seen in eastern speci-
mens. There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the
series from each locality. The colors generally of western birds
appear to be paler.

It may be proper to state that, while in spring adult specimens
the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per-
haps winter di-ess, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly
dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown.

In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute
of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers
are frequently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this
character.

The bills vary considerably in length — the shortest measuring .50
from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60.

A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23,908), agrees generally
with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so
closely streaked with black as to exceed the white in amount, this
color being restricted principally to the chin.

This species is found throughout the whole of North America,
north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made,
and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more
generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendrceca
sestiva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico.

I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in
the Smithsonian collection.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. Collected. Eeceived from

Collected by

7,949
13.081
23,908

Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.

J. Gould.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

J. Taylor.

Turdus cosiliiiis.

Tardus conjinir., Baird, n. 9.
Hab. Todo3 Santos, Cape St. Lucas.

No. 23,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni-
form grayish ash, with perhaps a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than
in eastern specimeus of T. mi<jratorius. The central portions of the

30 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

feathers of the top of head are rather darker than the edges, though
almost inappreciably so, and not imparting a general dusky appear-
ance. The chin and throat are white, streaked with ashy brown.
The jugulum and breast are pale yellowish buff; the axillars, inner
wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de-
cidedly colored. The belly and edges of the crissal feathers are
white, the hinder parts of the flanks ashy. There is a distinct
whitish stripe from the lores over, and a quarter of an inch behind
the eye ; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are
worn, but there is an indication of a narrow white tip. The
feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, are tipped with
ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of T. migraiorius.
The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is
yellowish ; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with
dusky. The feet are pale brown.

The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is much drawn
up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40
beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4.10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe
and claw, 1.07 ; exposed portion of culmen, .92; from tip to open
portion of nostrils, .60.

The specimen with a general resemblance to an immature T.
migratorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary
streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of
the many skins of T. migratorius before me ; there being none of
the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buff ; the
belly and flanks are much more purely white. The superciliary
stripe extends farther behind the eye ; indeed in most specimens of
Tnigratorius the white is nearly confined to the eyelids. The bill
and wings are rather longer than usual in 7nigratoriuH ; the middle
toe, on the other hand, appears shorter.

The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of T. fiavi-
rostris, in which latter also the breast and sides are like those of
migratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It
has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in Jiavirostris.
The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are
longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably
farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the
tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw ; while in Jiavi-
rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter
than the middle toe and claw (1.20).

Upon the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents
an abnormal plumage of T. 7nigratorius ; but its rather different

TURDUS.

31

proportions, much paler ground color beneath, greater extent of
white on the belly, absence of black or dusky on the head, etc., leads
me to consider it as distinct. Its being a summer bird of Cape St.
Lucas is also an additional argument for this view. It is decidedly
not to be referred to T. Jlavirodris.

Smith-

souian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,789

TodosSantos, C. S. L.

Sum.oflSeO.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

Turdus flavirostris.

Turdus flavirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369. — Sclater, P. Z.

S. 1859, 332.
Turdus rufopalliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 259 (erroneously quoted

as from Monterey, Cal.).
Turdus palliatus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 272.

Hah. Western Mexico.

This species appears to be but little known to ornithologists at
the present time, none having been obtained by Boucard, Salle,
D'Oca, and other collectors. Mr. Xantus, however, procured nume-
rous specimens, in 1863, about Colima, Max., which would seem to be
its centre of abundance. It appears to vary but little in color with
sex and season, and may readily be identified by Sclater's diagnosis.

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Bonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

12,864
29,349

95

rr

1st. Tehuantepec.

May 17.

T. C. Martin.

A. J. Grayson.

104

d

Colema, Mex.

Jan. 1863.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

29,3.50

100

d

29,351

102

d

29,352

101

d

29.353

106

?

29,354

105

V

S0,13t
30,137
31,818

143
1,711

d
?

d

Feb. 1S63.
Aug. 1S63.

29,349. Length, 8.50. Iris brown.
29',350. " 8.50. " reddish.

29.351. " brown.

29.352. "
29,3.53. " "

29,3.54. Iris brown.

30,134. Length, 8..50. Iris brown.

30,137. " 9.25.

31,818. " "

Merula.
Turdus infuse atus.

Merula infuscata, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41. — Turdus infuscatus,
Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.— Sclatfr, P. Z. S. 1859, 334,
362.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33).
Hah. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala.

32

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-
sonian

No

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

18.6.57
30,649

4,440

Xalapa.

Vera Paz, Guat.

Dr. P. L. Sclater.
0. Salvin.

DOca.

Salvin &Godman.

Turdus rufitorques.

Tunlux Tufitorques, Haetlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. — Sclatek, P. Z. S.
1859, 334 ; Ibis, II, 1860, 29 ; Catal. 1861, 6, no. 35.
Hah. Guatemala ; Dueiias.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-, Sex
tor'.s j and
No. Af?e.

Locality.

Duenas, Guat.

When

Collected.

Aug. 3, 1S59.

Received from

Collected by

Hesperocichla.
Turdiis naeTius.

Turdus nsEvius, Gm. S. N. 1, 1788, 817.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 4 ; 1859,
331.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R.
R. R. XII, II, 1859, 172.

Orpheus meruloides, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 187, pi. xxxviii.

Other figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pi. Ixvi. — Aud. Om.
Biog. IV, 1838, pi. 369, and 433.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, pi. 143.

This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north-
west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America.
Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described
as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the
Rocky Mts,, on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col-
lector's number 1,612).

It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott
(of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided
notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how-
ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in
all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most
obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all.

PLATYCICHLA, Baikd.
Platycichia, Baird, n. g. (Type P. brevipes.')

Among the South American Thrushes in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable

' Platycichia brevipes, Baird. The upper parts are greenish-olive, with an
appearance of darker edges to the feathers of the head and back. The under

PLATYCICHLA — SEMIMERULA. 33

to find a name generic or specific, and which differs so very con-
siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to
a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G. R. Horner,
U. S. X., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the
coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar
to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the
Cichlopsis leucogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species ;
but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or
species by Cabanis.

With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly
in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, much depressed
at the base, and with moderate bristles. The diameter of the jaw
across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the
length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from
nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it is in Turdus migra-
torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less
than the middle toe and claw ; they are booted, or without transverse
divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorius.

In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe-
lidse, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush ; but its
short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from
all others.

SEMIMERULA, Sclater.
, Semimerula, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 332. (Type Turdus gigas.')

Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not
considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First
quill in T. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in auraTitius two-fifths ; 2d
about equal to the 8th, or shorter than tth ; 5th longest. Bill large,
in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong.
Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes
similar.

parts are yellowish-olive ; crissum paler ; the middle of belly and anal region
whitish ash ; the throat feathers with shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky,
obscurely indicated on the jugulum ; under wing coverts cinnamon ; middle
coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, 8.40 ; wing, 4.45 ;
tail, 3.80 ; exposed portion of first primary, .95 ; of second, 3.05 ; of longest
(fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; bill: length
from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55;
legs: tarsus, .95 ; middle toe and claw, 1.00 ; claw alone, .29 ; hind toe and
claw, .68; claw alone, .35.
3 July, 1864.

34 REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Among the species of Turdus, of Dr. Sclater, I find in bis section
Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from
Turdus and Merula proper, that I cannot help considering it of
generic rank. At one end of the section is Dr. Sclater's type, T.
gigas of Ecuador, in which the wings differ most from Tur^dus in
being broad and much rounded ; the 1st primary very large, and
almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th — the 6th quill longest.
The bill is shaped like that of T. migratorius, but rather larger.
The legs are stout and strong. In T. aurantius the wings are rather
more pointed, but considerably less so than in T. migratorius. The
lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu-
ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that
of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter
and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the
same.

Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the
Thrushes, with T. aurantius as the type. The true type, however,
is Turdus hucogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very
different from the Turdus leucogenys, Latham (=T. aurantius, Gr.).

SemisaiCFUla atii-aiitia.

Tardus aurantius, Gii. Sjst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859,
333. — Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. ^Semimerula.')

Turdus leucogeni/s, Latham, lud. Oru. I, 341. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1S47,
136.— Ib. must. no. 23.

Hab. Jamaica.

The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills
vary greatly -in size. Thus in 24,340, 'S , the bill measures .60 from
tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 9, it measures .75, with the same
width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large
Thrushe«, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although
the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific
characters.

A young bird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im-
mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in
a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of
head and back.

Measurement of 24,340, 'S : Length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.35;
bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20 ; 1st primary,
1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28.

MIMOCICHLA.

36

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

EOQian

No.

tor's
No.

aud

Ajje.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

13,670

Jamaica. '

Dr. Sclaler.

23,302

cf Juv

Trelawuey, Jam.

July 9, '59.

'■

W. Osburn.

22.140

d

Spauishtown, Jam.

W. Thos. March.

22.141

d

"

"

22.1i2

V

"

"

22,143

" [Jam.

"

24,340

2S

d

Goshen, St. Annes,iOct. 10, '61.

MIMOCICHLA, ScLATER.
Mimocichla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 33G. (Type Tardus rubripes, Temm.)

Form. — Bill large, about as long as the head, without apparent
notch in some species. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, those near the
angle of the mouth reaching scarcely more than half way to the
nostrils. Tarsi lengthened, equal to the middle toe and two lengths
of its claw, either entirely smooth (or " booted") anteriorly, or with
obsolete indications of scutellaB on the exterior face. Wing a little
shorter than the tail, rather pointed ; the 1st primary large, broadly
falcate, more or less obtuse, and contained from two and a half to
three times in the 2d primary, which is nearly equal to the 8th quill ;
the 4th and 5th quills longest, the od and 6th little shorter. Tail
somewhat graduated ; the lateral feathers about three-quarters of an
inch shorter. A naked ring round the eye.

Color. — In the four species known to me the prevalent color is a
uniform slaty or plumbeous, as in the Cat-bird {Mimus carolinensis).
The extreme chin is white, the throat with a black patch, either uni-
form or interrupted with white. The lores and space beneath the
eye blackish. The lateral tail feathers have a terminal patch of
white on their under surface for nearly half the exposed length,
obscured on the outer web by a plumbeous tinge on the upper sur-
face. All the feathers of wings and tail black, the former with the
exposed or outer surface margined broadly with plumbeous in abrupt
contrast (the black shows externally on the ends of the quills). First
aud 2d quills black, without external margin. Tail feathers margined
at the base.

The species may be thus distinguished : —

Bill Mack ; whole under parts, including vent and crissum,

uniform slaty ........ plumhea.

Bill reddish-black ; under parts plumbeous, except vent and

crissum, which are white ...... schistacea.

Bill reddisli-black ; beneath plumbeous ; lower abdomen and

thighs cinnamon red ; crissum white .... ruhrljies.

36 REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Bill yellow ; breast light cinereous, shading into a white ab-
domen and crissum; throat white, with narrow central
streaks of black (in all others uniform black) . . ardosiacea.

This genus — a strongly marked one among the American Thrushes
— is confined to the West India Islands, and may possibly include
more species than those here enumerated. These have been in a
state of much confusion until disentangled by the discovery, on the
part of Dr. Bryant, of the true T. x>lumheus, of Linnaeus, as shown
by him in his paper presented to the Boston Society of Natural
History.

Miniocicliia plumliea.

Tardus plumheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1758, 169, not of ed. XII, 1,
294 (except reference to Catesby), nor of Gmelin, 814, 12, which
does not belong to the series at all, being a mixture of different
forms.

Mimus rubripes, Bktant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859, 114. (Blue Jay and
Blue Thrasher of inhabitants.)

Mimokitta plumbea, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1863.

Tardus viscivorus plumheus, Catesby, Carol. I, tab. xxx.
Hah. Bahamas.

Bill from base of skull about as long as the head. No indication of a ter-
minal notch, or at best a very faint one. Commissural edge of upper jaw
straight as far as the nostrils, then concave to the tip. Bristles about gape
very short and inconspicuous, those at the angle of the mouth extended for-
ward, reaching only half way to the nostrils. A narrow membranous ring
round the eye, with a small naked space behind.

Tarsi lengthened, rather more than equal to one and a quarter times the
length of middle toe and claw. Scutellse indistinctly evident, almost oblite-
rated and fused together, most distinct on the external face, eight in number
to the base of middle toe. Outer lateral toe and claw the longer, reaching to
base of middle claw, about equal to the hind toe and claw.

Tail graduated ; lateral feathers .60, shorter than the middle ones. Wings
a little shorter than the tail, moderately rounded ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
3d and 6th little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and Sth, .45 shorter
than the longest; l&t quill with its exposed surface one-third the length of
the 2d, slightly falcate, broadest in the middle, but with the sides about
parallel to the end, where it is obliquely truncate with the corners rounded.

General color slaty gray (like that of Mimus carolinensis), including crissum,
tibiae, inner wing coverts, etc. ; rather lighter beneath. P'eathers of crown
with concealed dark central streaks. Lores, space beneath the eye, fading
out behind and a broad square patch on the chin and throat widening
a little behind, black, without any edging of white. Space between the rami
of lower jaw, and a patch on its outer side white ; the latter duller in color
and continued beneath the eye, becoming more plumbeous, and forming an
iudistiuct line of separation between the black of throat and that below tho

MIMOCICHLA.

m

eye. Wings and tail black, the coverts and outer edges of the quills light
hoary plumbeous, margining and abruptly contrasting with the general black
(1st and 2d primaries not margined). Rather more than the terminal fourth
(1.20 inches) of lateral tail feathers with a white patch, the portion on the
outer web plumbeous ; this patch diminishes in size on the others until on
the two inner on each side it forms only a slight plumbeous tip. The bill is
black ; the legs reddish.

Tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw from base, .30; bill from
base of head, 1.09, from nostrils, .61; commissure, 1.10; wing, 4.68; tail,
5 ; 1st quill, 1.00 long, .20 wide.

As shown by Dr. Bryant, this is the true Turdiis plumbeiis of
Linnceus, based upon the Turdus viscivorus jJ^uvibeus of Catesby
(I, pi. xxx), a Bahama bird not recognized by naturalists until the
visit of Dr. Bryant to the Bahamas, in 1859. In the 10th edition
Linnaeus confines his citations entirely to Catesby; in the 12th, he
includes Brisson's description of Merida americana cinerea, a differ-
ent species. In their endeavors to find in Catesby's bird one or
other of the species belonging to the West Indies, authors found
a great stumbling block in the black bill represented in his figure
and description ; and Vieillot insists that Catesby must have been
in error. This is, however, one of the most strongly marked
characteristics of the species.

Smith- 'CoUec-

soniaa tur's

No. No.

33,16S

Sex
and
Afire.

Locality.

Nassau, N. P.

When

Collected.

Ap. 22, '61.

Received from

Collected hy

Lt. Fitzgerald.
Cab. Dr. lii-yant.

33,168. Legs, inside of bill, and iris orange red ; bill black.

MimocicSiIa scliistacea.

Mimocichla schistacea, Baird, n. s.

(17,713.) Bill very large and stout, about as long as the head ; commissure
very nearly straight. Bill decidedly notched. Rictal bristles short ; not
reaching as far forward as the nostrils. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw ; no indication of scutellation anteriorly. Wings rather shorter
than tail ; 1st primary much developed, almost half the 2d, broad-falcate,
rather pointed. Tail somewhat graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than
central.

Color dark plumbeous, scarcely paler on the rump. Centres of feathers of
head and back darker (concealed). Tibiae plumbeous, vent and crissum
white. A broad patch on throat extending to the jugulum, lores, and space
beneath the eye, black ; chin and short stripe along the side of lower jaw,
with concealed basal edges of the throat feathers, white. Tail feathers with
a terminal white patch, largest externally, and diminishing to the central

38

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

ones. Wings and tail black. Outer edges of wing feathers, except 1st and
2d primaries, and of tail feathers at the base, plumbeous. Bill in skin red-
dish-black ; legs apparently reddish. Iris in life light browu. .

Length of skin, 10.50 ; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 5.10; longest quill, .50 longer than
2d; 1st quill 1.55 long, .20 wide ; 2d, 3.40 ; bill from forehead, 1.20, nostril,
.71 ; commissure, 1.31 ; tarsus, 1.50 ; middle toe and claw, 1.21, claw alone,
.30 : hind toe and claw, .81.

I have not been without a suspicion that this bird might be the
M. rubripes, without any reddish on the belly. In view, however,
of the close resemblances among the West India species, and certain
apparent differences of form, I am more inclined to the opinion that
they are distinct. The size is about the same, but the bill is
conspicuously larger and heavier ; middle and hind toes longer, with
their claws longer ; the 1st primary longer. There is none of the
cinnamon red of the belly ; the plumbeous of the belly extends
farther down to the vent, and includes the flanks and tibiae. The
general color of the body is much darker, and the rump is scarcely
lighter than the back.

It is, however, proper to state that, while two of the three speci-
mens before me are as described, a third (No. 17,112) shows but
little plumbeous on the thighs, which are of a dirty whitish. Both
the Monte Yerde birds, nevertheless, were killed in May, and are
apparently in full plumage, and none were met with having cinnamon
colored bellies. In a large collection of the true ruhripes, from
another part of Cuba, all the individuals Avere fully marked, as above
indicated, with cinnamon red.

One specimen of this bird is in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

17,112
17,113

'd

Locality.

Monte Verde, Cuba.

When
Collected.

SLiv e.

Eeceived from

Chas. Wright.

Collected by

(17,112) Length, 10.25. (17,113) Length, 10.00.

Miniociclila ruljripes.

Turdiis rribripes, Temm. PL Col. 409.— Vigoes, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 439.
— De la Sagka, Cuba, Ois. 1839, 46, pi. iv.— Gundlach, Boston
Jour. VI, 1853, 318. — Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. Ti^. — Galeof^cop-
tes rubripes, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1S50, 82. — Ib. Journ. Ill, 1855,
470.— ScLATER, p. Z. S. 1859, 336.— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6,
no. 40 (^Mimocichla).

Hah. Cuba.

MIMOCICIILA.

39

(31,978.) Bill from base of skull about as long as tlie head, with a distinct
terminal notch. Rictal bristles short ; those at the angle of mouth reaching
scarcely more than half way to the nostril. A distinct membranous ring
round the eye.

Tarsi lengthened. No traces of scutellse in most specimens ; the faintest
possible (perhaps fallacious) indications in others.

Wings rather rounded, shorter than the tail ; 4th and 5th quills longest ;
2d between 7th and 8th ; 1st quill slightly falcate, rather obtuse at the end,
contained a little more than two and a half times in the 2d qiiill. Tail
moderately graduated; lateral feathers .70 shorter than central.

General color slaty or plumbeous gray, darker on the back and head. Lores,
space beneath the eye and extending on the ears, and a large patch on the
throat, black ; chin, and a short patch from the side of lower jaw as far back
as its articulation, together with the concealed bases of the black throat
feathers, white. Posterior part of belly and flanks, with the tibia, light
cinnamon red. Crissum and terminal half of exposed surface of tail white.
Wing and tail feathers black, except as described, abruptly margined ex-
ternally with plumbeous (in the latter on the concealed bases of the feathers).
Legs appareutly red in life, fading into yellowish. Bill in the dried skin
dusky, possibly in life of a dark reddish color.

Length, 10.20; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.20; longest quill, .60 longer than the
2d; 1st 1.25 long, .21 wide; tarsi, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw
alone, .28; bill from forehead, 1.08 ; nostrils, .65 ; gape, 1.25.

lu a considerable number of specimens before me I find quite a
variation in size (No. 31,979 measuring 9.20, wing, 4.75), with but
little in form ; the 1st primary is sometimes rather smaller in pro-
portion than as described. The colors, too, are very constant.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

1,816
31,978
31,979

Cuba.
"

S. F. Baird. Dep.
J. Ashhurst.

Miniociclila ardosiacea.

Tardus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 1766, 294 (not of 10th ed.
excl. reference to Catesby). — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 2,
pi. Iviii. — Ib. Nouv. Diet. XX, 1818, 242. — ? Galeoscoptes plumbeus,
Salle, Pr. Z. S. 1857, 231. — Galeoscoptes (^Mimocichla) plumbeus,
ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1859, 336.

Tardus ardosiaceiis, Vieill. Encyclop. Meth. II, 1823, 648 (St. Domingo).

Le Merle cendri d^Am^rique, Bkisson, Ornithol. II, 1760, 288 (St. Do-
mingo).

Hab. St. Domingo.

Bill from base of skull shorter than the head. Lower edges of upper jaw
straight to the middle, and then scarcely curved to the tip where there is a

40 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

very slight notcli. Bristles at base of bill very inconspicuous. But a slight
indication of the conspicuous membranous ring round the eye of plumbea.

Tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of middle toe and claw.
ScutellJB visible on the exterior side, but the edges there fused ; seven observ-
able to the base of the toes (one less than in plumbea). Outer lateral toe the
longer.

Tail graduated ; the feathers rather obtusely pointed ; the lateral about half
an inch shorter than the central. Wings a little shorter than the tail, moder-
ately rounded ; 5th quill longer than 4th, 6th, and 3d ; 2d between 7th and
8th; 1st quill falcate, broadest in the middle, but pointed (not obtuse, as in
plumbea) ; exposed portion 1.14 in length, .21 in breadth, contained three
times (or one-third) in the length of the 2d.

General color rather dark plumbeous gray above and on the inside of wings
and axillars. Beneath with the jugnlum, upper part of breast, and flanks light
ashy gray, passing insensibly into the almost pure white of the middle of the
belly, anal region, and crissnm. Tibiae plumbeous. Throat and chin white,
with narrow V-shaped streaks of black on the central third of the feathers,
which extend a little into the ashy of the lower throat. Loral region and space
beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of
lower jaw, margined below by a rather continuous line of black. Wings
black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but
lighter. Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather
(about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans-
verse ; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet
apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red.

Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarsi, 1.55;
middle toe and claw, 1.15 ; claw alone, .31 ; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25.

The only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is
labelled " T. plumbeus, South America."

In form this species exhibits a close resemblance to JIL jylumhea;
but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in-
stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below,
including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissnm are
white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this
has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of
black.

Yieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un-
mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles ; but his
accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do-
mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen
belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than
" Amer.-Merid."

Yieillot gives the bill and feet as red.

RAMPHOCINCLUS — MARGAROPS.

41

RAMPHOCINCLUS, Lafresnaye.

Ramphocinclus, Lafk. R. Z. 1843, 66. (Type Turdus hrachyurus, Vieill.)

Bill longer than the head, notched ; ciilmen and commissure considerably
decurved from the base ; gonys slightly so. Rictus with short bristles. Tarsus
lengthened, longer than the head or the middle toe ; the scutellffi fused into
one plate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail ;
1st primary more than half the longest ; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail
rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow,
with quite narrow outer web.

This interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will
readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration
closely resembles Melanotis hypoleucus, and should perhaps be
placed very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue.
It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill ; shorter,
narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, etc.

Ramphocinclus liracliyurus.

Turdus hrachyurus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XX, 255. — Ib. Encycl. M6tli.
1823, 655. — Ranipliocijnclus hrachyurus, Lafk. R. Z. 1843, 66. —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 338.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 4i.—Cinclo-
certhia hrachyura, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 213.

Zoothera cinclops, Bp. Consp. 259.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; graduation, .45; outer web of
lateral feathers one-fourth the inner; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.60;
of 2d, 2.50 ; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.00;
length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34; tarsus,
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .72;
claw alone, .37.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

32,690 46,887

d

Martinique.

Ed. Verreaux.

MARGAROPS, Sclatek.

Margarops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus fuscnius, Vieill.)

Cichlalopia, BoN. R. Z. 1857, 205-, not of C. R. 1854, XXXVIII, 1 (which

was based on Turdus vulpinus. Hart. =-. Rhodinocincla rosea).

Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch ; longer than the head ;
culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip ; commis-
sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw,
except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the
arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant ; more so than in Mimocichla.

42

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Wings rounded ; the inner secondary quills apparently uncommonly long ;
4th quill longest, next 3d and 5th ; 2d between the 6th and 7th ; 1st quill
more than half the 2d, broad and rather falcate ; 2d quill .70 shorter than 4th.

Tail rather shorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch
shorter than the central ones.

Legs short and stout ; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw ; dis-
tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined,
and six or seven in number ; claws all very stout and much curved, almost
like those of a Woodpecker ; hind toe and claw decidedly longer than the
lateral.

Margarops fuscatus.

Tardus fuscatus, Vieillot, Ois Am. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pi. Ivii, his. — Ib.

Encyclop. Meth. 11,1823,639. — Cichlerminiafuscata, Newtox, Ibis,

1S59, 141, eggs, pi. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).— Cassix, Pr.- A. N. S.

1860, 376 (St. Thomas). — Margarops fuscatus, Sclatee, Pr. Z. S.

1859, 335.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38.

Colluricinclafusca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 6 (see Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142).

Eah. St. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.) ; St. Thomas; Santa Cruz

(Newton).

Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from Lead, 1.30; nostril, .78;
gape, 1.50 ; tarsus, 1.41 ; middle toe and claw, 1.30 ; claw alone (chord), .35 ;
hind toe and claw, .95.

Iris pearly white ; bills varying much in size ; eggs blue (Newton).

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,405
30,406

14

St. Thomas.

j Acad. Nat. Sciences.
jCab. Lawrence.

K. Swift.

OREOSCOPTES, Baikd.

Oreoscoptes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towxs.)

Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent,
their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little
longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the
longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d between 6th and 7th.
Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle
toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutellse distinct anteriorly.

Only one species is at present known of this genus.

Oreoscoptes montanus.

Orpheus montanus, Townsend, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, ii, 1837,
192.— Add. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pi. IZ^.— Turdus montanus,
AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1S38, 437, pi. 369, fig. l.—^J!mus vwntanus,

HARPORHYNCHUS.

43

BoNAP. Consp. 1850, 27G. — Oreoscoptes montanus, Baikd, Birds N.
Amer. 1858, 347.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 340.— Ib. Catal. 1861,
8, no. 30.

Jlab. Rocky Mts. of United States, west to Pacific, south to Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens from Cape St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than more
northern ones.

A joung bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ-
ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing
a streaked appearance. The wings and tail are considerably darker
than in an adult.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniari
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

8,251

213

Fort Laramie.

Sept. 28, '57.

Dr. J*G. Cooper.

8,821

V

Black Hills.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

11,070

cT

Fort Bridger.

April 18, '58.

C. Drexler.

19,226

21

Rattle.snake Hills. May 16.

Capt. Reynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

19,.347

Willow Springs.

May 14.

"

G. H. Trook.

13,309

39

d

K.jbe Valley, Utah.

Blay 22, '59.

Capt. Simpson.

C. S. MCarthy.

13,30S

30

?

S. Fork of Hum-

May 19, '59.

"

"

12,446

d

Zuui Mts. [boldt.

Sept. 26, '57.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodliouse.

11,531

63

d

Lower Colorado.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Mollhausen.

11,532

48

d

Fort Yuma.

"

"

8,143

9

Los Angeles.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

8,129

d

"

"

"

25,791

3,318

d

Cape St. Lucas.

Nov. 5,' '59.

John Xiintus.

32,164

2,429

d

"

Nov. 11, "59.

11,531. Iris yellow. 32,164. Length, 8.60. Iris orange.

HARPORHYNCHUS, Cabanis.

Toxostoma, Waglek, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type T. vetula, Wagl., not

Toxostoma, Raf. 181 G.)
Harpes, Gajibel, Pr. A. N. S. Pliila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Harpes redi-

vivus, Gamb., not of Goldfuss, 1839.)
Harporhtjnchus, Cabanis, Archiv f. Natur.g. 1848, I, 98. (Type Harpes

redivivus, Game.)

Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head ; becoming
more and more decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a
notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long
and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate
anteriorly. Wings considerably shorter than tail, much rounded ; the 1st
quill more than half the 2d ; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ;
the feathers firm.

There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the
comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different
species ; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H.
rufus to the very long and much decurved one in H. redivivus is

44

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

SO gentle that few persons would ever think of separating them
generieally. Even in individual specimens of the long billed species
there is much difference in this respect, showing that so far from
furnishing generic characters, it is not entirely available even for
specific indications.

Harporliyncltus riifiis.

Tardus rufus, LiNX. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169, based on Catesby,
tab. 19. — Ib. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 293. — Harporhynchus rufus, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.— Baird, Birds N. Am. lii'SS, 353.— Sclatek,
P. Z. S. 1859, 340.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 48.— Mimus rufus, Pr.
Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 180.

Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 11, pi. lix. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi.
xiv. — AuD. Orn. Biog. pi. cxvi.

Hab. United States, east of Rocky Mts., nortli to Lake Winnipeg.

In the " Birds of North America" I have called attention to the
fact of the larger size, Avith disproportionately longer tails, and
rather more curved bills of specimens from the high plains beyond
the Missouri River.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,377

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

April 22, '44.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

2,261

V

"

May 16, '45.

"

"

12,182

rf

Washington.

May 1, '59.

C. Drexler.

32,284

c<

Macnn, Ga.

March, 1S4S.

Prof. Jo.s. Leconte.

6,948

32,392

4,433

Ft. Garry, Red Riv.

Donald Gunn.

Qua.squiton, Iowa.

E. C. Bidwell.[son.

13,311

8

Fort Leavenwoith.

Capt. J. H. Simp-

C. S. M'Carthy.

8,292

Indepeudeuce, Mo.

May 26, '57.

W. M. Mag raw.

Dr. Cooper.

8,819

Loup Forks.

Aui,'. 6.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

6,283

rT

Fort Lookout.

June 22, '56.

"

"

6,652

357

Republican Fork.

Sept. 26, '.56.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

19,346

Stinking R., Sage
[Creek.

June 13, '60.

Capt. Reynolds.

G. H. Trook.

HJreett.

(1,377.) 11.20. (2,261.) 9.75. (8,292.) 12.75. Iris orange. (8,819.) 12.00. Iris yellow.

Harporliyuclius lougirostris.

Orpheus lonrjirostris, Lafk. R. Z. 1838, 55.— Ib. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois.
pi. i. — Toxostoma longirostre, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 207. —
Mimus longirostris, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (Cordova). — Harpo-
rhynchus longirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 81. — Baird, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 352, pi. lii.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal.
1861, 8, no. 47.

Hab. Eastern Mexico ; north to Rio Grande, Texas.

Among the specimens before me is one (28,030) from Mirador,
Mexico, which differs from the rest in rather deeper rufous above ;

HARPORHYNCHUS.

45

the feathers of crissum rufous, edged with pale brownish-yellow
(instead of their being dirty white). The bill is very different,
being longer, slenderer, more pointed towards the end, and more
gently decurved than that of H. curvirostris. Its dimensions are
as follows: From forehead, 1.40; from gape, 1.52; from nostril,
1.00, measured with dividers. In 4,016, from Brownsville, the
measurements are: From forehead, 1.25; from gape, 1.32; from
nostril, .83.

Without more specimens to establish a permanent difference in
these respects, I do not feel at liberty to suggest a difference of
species, especially as the skin referred to belongs to the region in-
habited by typical H. longirosti'is.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

4,016

1

H"

8,139

22,390

29,742

^

32,460

93

? 28,030

30
20

Locality.

Brownsville, Tex.
Lower Rio Grande.
Mexico.
Orizaba, Mex.
El Mirador, Mex.
Xalapa.

When
Collected.

Sept. 1S53.

Received from

Lt. D. N. Couch.
Major Emory.
Verreaux.
Prof. Sumichrast.
Dr. C. Sartorius.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

A. Schott.

(4,016.) 10.25. Eyes brownish-yellow. (28,030.) Long billed variety.

Harporbynchus curvirostris.

Orpheus curvirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369 (eastern Mexico)
— M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1848, 63. — Mmus curvirostris, Gray,
Genera, 1844-49. — Toxostoma curvirostris, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850
277. — ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1857, 212. — Harporhynclius curvirostris.
Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 81.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 351, pi
li. — Heermann, p. R. R. Rep. X, Parke's Rep. 1859, 11. — Sclater
P. Z. S. 1859, 339.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 46.

Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm. H. Col. 441.

? Toxostoma vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528.

Hab. Mexico, from the United States line, southward (Oaxaca, Cordova,
Orizaba, Mirador) ; Mazatlan ; Colima.

Specimens from Mazatlan and Colima differ from those in the col-
lection from ea.stern Mexico, in having heavier and thicker bills, and
perhaps stouter legs. In 31,819, the height of the bill at the nostrils
is .28 of an inch, while in 4,023 it is .26 — both being females. The
wing in 31,819 is longer and more pointed than usual, measuring
4.50. I, however, cannot think that there is any specific difference :
a large number of specimens from either side of Mexico probably
exhibiting the same variations.

The specimen, No. 8,128, mentioned on page 352 of the Report

46

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

on Birds as differing from the others in the collection, still remains
quite unique in reference to some characters.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Collected.

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

4,023

24

9

Brownsville, Tex.

Feb. 1853.

Lt. D. N. Couch.

7,200

d

Rin^'gold Barracks,
Tex.

Maj. "W.H.Emory.

J. H. Clark.

7,101

Eagle Pass, Tex.

"

A. Schott.

4.0-22

V

Tamaulipas, Max.

18d3.

Lt. Couch.

?8.12^

New Mexico.

Lt. J. G. Parke.

Dr. Heermann.

23,7S3

Mazatlan, Mex.

lSi51.

J. Xantus.

31,819

1,001

V

Mts. of Colima.

June, 1863.

"

lS..i68

Eastern Mexico.

P. L. Sclater.

22,391

17,363
19

d

Orizaba, Mex.

Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence.

(4,023.; 10.00. (7,200.) 11.30. (4,022.) 10.00. Eyes yellow. (31,819.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Marpoi'IayncSmis cmereus.

HarporhijncliHS cinerciis, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 298. — Baird, ib.
303.— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 8, no. 49.

12,960. Bill as long as the head ; all the lateral outlines gently decurved from
the base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings
considerably shorter than the tail, much rounded. First primary broad,
nearly halt' the length of the 2d ; the 3d to the 7th quills nearly equal, their
tips forming the outline- of a gentle curve ; the 2d quill shorter than the 9th.
Tail considerably graduated, the lateral feathers more than an inch the
shorter. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle toe, distinctly scutellate, with
seven scales.

Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump ; beneath
fulvous white, more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Be-
neath, excej)t chin, throat, and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well
defined V-shaped spots of dark brown at the ends of the feathers, largest
across the breast. Loral region hoary. Wings with two narrow whitish
bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts ; the quills edged ex-
ternally with paler. Outer three tail feathers with a rather obsolete white
patch in the end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer.

Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more
distinct than as described.

Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00 ; wing, 4.10 ; tail, 4.65 ; 1st primary, l.CO ;
2d, 2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.15, from nostril, .90; tarsus,
1.26 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30.

This species is curiously similar in coloration to Oreoscoptes mon-
tamts, from which its much larger size, much longer and decurved
bill, and the graduated tail, of course readily distinguish it. It
agrees in some respects with H. ritfus and longirostris, but it is
smaller, the bill longer and more curved ; the upper parts are
ashy olivaceous brown instead of rufous, etc.

HARPORHYNCHUS.

47

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

16.511

1,090

?

12,957

496

rf

13,090

764

rr

26,310

1,089

d

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Cape St. Lucas.

Spring, '59.

(12,957.) 10.50. Iris orange. (13,090.) 11.00. Iris orange.

Ilarporliyiiclaiis lecontei.

Toxostoma lecontei, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1S51, 109 (Fort
Yuma). — Harporhynchus lecontei, Bonap. C. R. XXVIII, 1854, 57. —
Ib. Notes Delattre, 39.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1S58, 350, pi. 1.
Hah. Gila River ; Fort Yuma.

The specimen upon which the species was based by Mr. Lawrence,
collected at Fort Yuma, by Dr. Leconte, still remains unique, and
of H. crissalis a second specimen only has been obtained. It is not
a little remarkable that two species so large and conspicuous should
be both from the same region, and so very rare. With much the
same shade of coloration, H. crissalis is a little darker, the under
tail coverts deep chestnut instead of rusty fulvous ; the bill is much
longer and more slender, the tail also much longer.

No. 53. Fort Yuma. Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence.

Harporlayiacltiis crissalis.

Harporhynchus crissalis, Henry, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1S58, 350,.pl. Ixxxii.
Hub, Region of the Gila River, to Rocky Mts.

A second specimen (11,533) of this rare species is larger than the
type, but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows : —

Length before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 6.50; its
graduation, 1.45 ; 1st quill, 1.50 ; 2d, .41 ; bill from forehead (chord of curve),
1.65, from gape, 1.75, from no.<tril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1.62; height of
bill at nostril, .22 ; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe and claw, 1.12.

The bill of this species, though not quite so long as in redivivus,
when most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more
slender — the depth at nostrils being but .23, instead of .26. The
size of this specimen is equal to the largest of redivivus (3,932) ; the
tail absolutely longer. The feet are, however, considerably smaller,
the claws especially so ; the tarsus measures but 1.30, instead of
1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. With these differences
in form, however, it would be impossible to separate the two
generically.

48

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRBS,

[part I.

Collec-

Sex

tor's

and

No.

Age.

32

d

Locality.

Mimbi-es.

Fort Yuma, Cal.

When
Collected.

Received from

Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. J. C. Ives.

Collected by

H. B. MiiUhausen.

8,127. Type ; now in museum Phila. Acad. (11,533.) 12.50. Iris yellow.

Harporliyiiclius redivivus.

Uarpes rediviva, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S, II, Aug. 1845, 264. — Toxostoma
rediviva, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2cl ser. I, 1847, 42. — Cassin, lUust.
I, 1855, 260, pi. xlii. — Harporhynchus redivivus, Cabaxis, Arcliiv
Isaturg. 1848, 98. — Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 349.— Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1859, 339.

This species has hitherto only been found in the coast region of
California, whence numerous specimens have been received by the
Smithsonian Institution.

MIMUS, BoiE.

Mimus, Boie, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. (Type Tardus pohjglottus, Linn.)
Orpheus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 167. (Same type.)

Bill not mucli more than half the length of the head ; gently decurved from
the base ; notched at tip ; commissure curved. Gonys straight, or slightly
concave. Rictal bristles quite well developed. Wings rather shorter than
the tail. First primary about equal to, or rather more than half the 2d ; 3d,
4th, and 5th quills nearly equal, 6th scarcely shorter. Tail considerably
graduated ; the feathers stiff, rather narrow, especially the outer webs, lateral
feathers about three-quarters of an inch the shorter in the type. Tarsi longer
than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw ; tarsi con-
spicuously and strongly scutellate ; broad plates seven.

Mimus polyglottus.

Turdus po!y(/lottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169; 12th ed. 1766,

293. — iMimus polyglottus, Boie, Isis, 1826, 972. — Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, 212.— Ib. 1859, 340. — Ib. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 51. — Baird,

Birds N. Am. 1858, 344.
? Orpheus leucopterus, Vigors, Zool. Beechey, 1839.
Figures: Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, pi. x, fig. 1. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I,

1831, pi. xxi.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, pi. 137.

Hab. North America, from about 40^ (rare in Massachusetts, Samuels), south
to Mexico. Said to occur in Cuba.

No. 12,511. The general proportions will best be illustrated by the table of
measurements. The 3d and 4tli quills are longest ; the 2d equal to the Sth ;
the 1st more than half the 2d (in some specimens about half, in others half
the 3d, as in No. 614.)

MIMUS. 49

The upper parts are ashy, with a tinge of brown, the color purest on top of
head. The lores are dusky. The under parts are white, purest on throat
and middle of belly ; a tinge of aahy across the breast, of yellowish-brown
or faint fulvous on flanks and crissum. There are some obscure shaft streaks
of brown on the flanks, mostly concealed under the wings. There is a slight
indication of a dusky stri])e on each side of the chin, caused by a range of short
black bristles, the feathers themselves not appearing to be colored.

The wings arid tail are dark brown, not l)lack ; the large feathers edged
externally with ashy. There are two bauds of white on the wing on the tips
of the greater and middle coverts ; the ends of the secondaries are also edged
with white. In addition to this the basal portion of all the primaries is
white, restricted to the extreme base in the outer ones, and encroaching suc-
cessively in the rest until in the three innermost ones it occupies the basal
two-thirds of the feather, or more, extending farthest forward on the inner
web, the shafts remaining black. The small coverts overlying the bases of
the primaries are also white, with a brown streak near the ends ; this forms
a conspicuous white patch on the outer surface of the wing.

The outer tail feather is white, slightly mottled in one or two places with
brown, especially along the shaft near the end, and towards the base of the
inner web. The next feather is white at the extreme base, and for about the
terminal third of the inner web, and the end of the outer web. The third
has a similar but much smaller patch of white along the middle of the inner
web near the end ; the fourth has no white. The bill and legs are black.

The markings of the wings are as described in most specimens, although
in some the amount of white is less. There is, however, considerable differ-
ence in the white of the tail feathers. In a small proportion only of the
whole number examined from eastern North America, is the outer feather
pure white, and again sometimes the faint mottling on the inner web near the
middle web becomes a conspicuous dusky patch. In several specimens the
whole inner web of the second feather is white, with slight mottling along a
portion of the inner edge (32,162). In 12,445 the white spot in the end of
the 3d feather extends along the inner side of the shaft into a patch at the
base. In this specimen the outer feather is entirely white; the whole inner
web and the basal portion of the outer web of the second. In all the speci-
mens before me the outer web of the second tail feather is black, except at
the extreme base and tip. In none is there any white on the fourth feather.'

No. 12,511. Length, 9.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.90, its graduation, .70; 1st
prhnary, 1.50; 2d primary, 2.70; bill from above, .63, from nostril, .50;
tar.suri, 1.25 ; middle toe and claw, 1.00 ; claw, .30.

' Since writing the preceding description, I have met with one specimen
(1?,039, male, from Arkansas) which differs very considerably from any other
I have seen in an unusual amount of white, which extends farther along
the primaries so as to be very conspicuous. The two outer tail feathers are
entirely white, except a slight edging at the end of the second ; the third is
white on the shaft and along the greater part of the inner web. The fourth
has a small white patch on the end. The dimensions are : Length, 10.00 ;
wing, 4.70 ; tail, 5.00.

4 July, 1864.

50

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have not had an opportunity of examining the supposed 31.
pohjglottus of Cuba. If, however, the description of Orpheus 2:)oly-
glottus, in De la Sagra's Cuba (Oiseaux, 53), be correctly drawn
from a Cuban specimen, it may very readily be different, as the
North American bird can certainly not be said to have the tail
brown with a white spot towards the extremity of the lateral tail
feathers, nor is there any white on the secondary quills. The ruinp
cannot be called grayish-blue, in contrast with a pale grayish-brown
of the remaining upper parts.

Mr. Richard Hill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Aca-
demy, has suggested the idea that the name of polyglottus should
be applied to the Jamaican rather than to the North American bird.
The first citation of Linnsus is to Sloane's Jamaica, the second to
Catesby, and the third to Kalm. As, however, the only locality
given by Linnaeus is " Virginia," and no mention is made of Jamaica ;
and as his next species is the Jamaican orplieus, it will perhaps be
no violation of the most rigid rules of nomenclature to pass over
the citation of Sloane as irrelevant, and confine the reference strictly
to the continental species. The Turdus orjoheus, of Linnaeus, is
based on the species of Brown and Edwards, both unmistakal^ly the
small Jamaican bird, and not the larger, M. hillii, as intimated by
Mr. Hill.

In the " Birds of North America" I have adverted to the peculi-
arities of western specimens in having a longer tail than eastern.
The tail is more graduated also, the lateral feathers being L25
inches or more shorter than the central. The whole bird, in fact, is
larger ; the wings being also longer, but the disproportionate length
of the tail is quite decided.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

12,443

rf

Pennsvlvania.

Nat. Institute.

Dr. G. Leib.

12,545

rf

Washington, D. C.

J. F. Cllan.

19,089

67

<^

Fort C.ibb.

May 24, '60.

J. H. Clark.

C. S. M'Carthy.

19,091

141

Adaline Creek

JnnelS, '60.

"

20,295

48

Fort Stockton, Tex.

May 26, '60.

P. Duffy.

20,296

4

"

Mar. 12, '60.

"

11,530

51

BigCanon,Col. Riv.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

MoUhausen.

17,1-20

Cape St. Lucas.

1859.

John Xantus.

17,445

3,317

cT

Oct. 31, '59.

"

23,750

\v. coast America.

Nat. Institute.

23,913

28

El Mirador, Hex.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

33,570

153

V

"

Nov. 1863.

19,089. Unasual amount of white on wings and tail.

Minius orpheus.

Turdas orpheus, Lixn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I, 175?, 169.— Ib. 12th ed.
1766. — ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, l!-07, 12, pi. Ixviii. — Gosse,

MIMUS.

51

Birds Jam, 1846, lU.—Mimus orpheus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1F59, 341.

— Ib. Catal. Am. Birds, 18(31, 9, uo. 52.— Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 18G3,

290 (eggs).
Mimus polygtottus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 304.
Tardus sp. 2, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica).
Tardus cinereus minor, Edwaeds, Av. II, tab. Ixxviii (Jamaica). — Selig-

MANN, IV, pi. li.
? Turdus dominicus, LiNN. Syst. Nat. 12tli ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on

Merula doininicensis, Brissox, St. Domingo).

Hub. Jamaica ; St. Domingo ?

(No. 22,159.) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar
to M. polyglottiii ; the only marked difference in shape being an apparently
more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter — the differ-
ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to
one and a quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much
as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus,
the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the 1st, 2d, and 3d in M. poly-
gloltus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding
feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu-
ally entirely white ; the 2d sometimes a little streaked ; the 3d sometimes
entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer.
The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted
to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end
of the fifth feather.

The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the
breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The
two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web
of the second tail feather in polyglottus, wliich is entirely white in orpheus.

Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35 ; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25.

This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly-
glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de-
scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the
eastern variety of pohjglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a
skin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater.

I have never seen a specimen of 31. dominicus, from St. Domingo,
and can express no opinion as to its relationships to M. orpheus.
It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in
orpheus.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

EODiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

22,156

22,157

'<^

22,158

24,374

30

^

24,373

30

V

Locality.

Spanishtown, Jam.

When
Collected.

Oct, 10, '61.

Received from

W. T. March.

Collected by

52

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

mimus lialiamensis, Bryant.

Mimus hahamensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114.

Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather beyond the nostrils.
Curvature of commissure gentle from base to near the notched tip, where it is
increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d ; 4th quill
longest ; 3d and then 5th but little shorter ; 2d intermediate between 7th and
8th, half an inch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates
seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70).

Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray-
ish or ashy edges less distinct and more soiled on the lower part of the back.
Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy
. with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want-
ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the
breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous under
the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown,
all margined with pale ashy ; the greater and middle coverts with white,
forming two bands. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards
the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, on
the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half au
inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black.

There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat ; the ear coverts
are dusky ; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish
feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips.

Length, 11.00 ; wing, 4.80 ; tail, 5.70 ; graduation, .70 ; 1st quill, 1.70 ; 2d,
3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw,
1.34 ; claw, .35 ; hind toe and claw, .85 ; claw alone, .50.

Smith-

soniau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Ai;e.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

13,505

Bahama Key.

1859.

Dr. H. Bryant.

13,505. Type.

Mimiis Iiillii.

Mimus Jiillii, Makch, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 1863, 291 (Jamaica).
Mimus orpheus, Hill, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 304.

(No. 24,376.) General foi-m and charactei* as in M. bahamensis. Fifth
quill longest ; 4tli and 6th a little shorter, then 3d ; 2d shorter than 8th,
about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably
graduated.

In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th ; in all it is
shorter than the 7th.

The colors are as described in M. hahamensis. The only appreciable differ-
ence is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast,
where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or
for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter
edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the

MIMUS.

53

jugulum, the shafts being white; on its sides alone are there indications of
these, which on the sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than
in J/, bahamensis, owing to the purer white of the under parts. There is
rather more white on the end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the
outer one.

An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little
more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum
show triangular spots of brown at the ends. „

Length (of 24,376), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; 1st
quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe
and claw, 1.22 ; claw, .35.

This species is very closely related to the 31. hahamensis, but
appears to differ in some appreciable features. The distinction in
coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and
the tail is more graduated — the difference in length between the
lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings
are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th ; the 2d
shorter than the 8th, instead of longer.

A larger series of specimens of 31. hahamensis will perhaps be
necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman
and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not.
How they stand in reference to 31. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is even
more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison
by Cabanis of his species with 31. saturninus of Brazil. To this,
however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican
and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen
presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white
tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the
others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch.

Of the South American 3Iimi in the museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, the relationship is closest to 31. thenca, of Chile, much
more than to saturninus.

Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Turdus orj^heus of Linnaeus.
A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and
Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show
conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird
of Jamaica, rather than the large one.

Smitli-

soniaa

No.

24,376
24,.S77
26,804

26,802
26, 803

CoHec-

Sex

tor's

and

No.

Age.

2.0

d

29

V

29

cf

29

Juv.?

d

Locality.

Port Henderson,

" [Jam.

G. Salt Pond, Jam.

When
Collected.

Received from

Nov. 29, '61.

Oct. 1862.
Nov. 1. '62.
Oct. 31, '62.

W. T. March.

Collected by

54

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

Mimus gracilis.

Mimus gracilis, Cabaxis, Mus. Hein. 1850. S3 (Honduras). — Sclater &
Salvun, Ibis, 1859, 5.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 343.— Ib. Catal. 18(]1,
9, no. 58.— Cab. Jour. 1860, 410 (Costa Rica;.— Taylok, Ibis, 18U0,
110 (Comayagua).

Eab. Honduras, Guatemala ; Costa Rica.

Smith-

souian

No.

CoUec-' Sex
tor'.s j and
No. 1 Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,6j1

43

San Geronimo, Guat.

Dec. 18o9.

0. Salvin.

GALEOSCOPTES, Cabanis.
Galeoscoptes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.)

Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Eictal bristles moderately
developed, reaching to the n'ostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail,
rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th
little shorter; 1st and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ;
1st quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated ;
lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle
toe and claw by about an additional half claw ; scutellate anteriorly, more or
less distinctly in different specimens ; scutellse about seven.

The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes,
with the bare space behind it, not appreciable.

I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo-
SGoptes and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition
of the tarsal plates; and but for the difference in coloration (uniform
plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly
be inclined to distinguish the two generically.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.

Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328. — Tnrdus caro-
linensis, Light. Verz. 1823, 38. — D'Orbigny, La Sagra's Cuba Ois.
1840, 51. — Mimus carolinensis, Gray, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1859,
346. — Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type
of genus). — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba). — Sclater, Catal.
Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39.

Figures : Add. B. A. II, pi. 140.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 28.- Vieillot,
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. Ixvii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xiv, f. 3.

Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to head of Columbia,
south to Panama R. R. ; Cuba.

In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans-
verse bars at the ends of the outer tail feathers. The shade of colora^

GALEOSCOPTES — MELANOPTILA.

55

tion varies somewhat. Rocky Mountain specimens appear a little
larger than others. The smallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this
the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from
Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in the
length and thickness of the bill in different specimens. In some
specimens the tarsal scutellai are perfectly well defined, in others
indistinct on the sides of the tarsus.

Sraith-

Collec- S

ex

soniaa

tor's a

nd

No.

No. A

ge.

1,12.3

^

10,3j2

5

11,S8S

$

13,137

6

rf

18,. 506

32

13,306

5,2S5

ff

22,04.1

120

21,960

481

d

21,961

566

rf

21,962

567

33,170

11

29,631

30,868

76

2.9,222

300

16,838

15

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
ludian Key, Fla.
Tortugas, Fla.
Foit Garry, RedRiv.

Leavenworth, Mo.
Ft. Lookout, Mo. Riv.
Coeur d'.\lene Mis'n.
Siuyakwateeu De-
pot, W. T.
Camp ott KootenayR.

Nassau, N. P.

Cuba.

El Mirador, Mex.

Oi-izalia, Mex. [jole.

Panama R. R. Fri-

Guatemala.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

July
Jaa.

July

May
June

June
July

April 22, '64

S. F. Baird.
G. WurJeniann.
Capt. Woodbury.
C. A. Hubbard.
Donald Gunu.
Capt. J H. Simp-
Lt. Warren, [.sou.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

A. Campbell.

Lt. Fitzgerald.
C. Wright.
Dr. C. Sartorius.
Prof. Sumichrast.
J M'Leannau.
Cab. Lawrence.

Dr. Hayden.
Dr. Kennerly.

(1,12.3.) 9; 11.50; 3.50. (10,352.) 8.25. (11,888.) S.50. (13,137.) With eggs, 2,258. (5,285.)
Eyes browu.

MELANOPTILA, Sclater.

Melanoptila, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.)

As there is but a single known species of this genus, I give the
generic characters with the specific.

Melanoptila glabrirostris.

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 275 (Omoa, Honduras,
with figure of head and wing). — Ib. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. Am.
Birds, 18G1, 7, uo, 41.— Sclater & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1S59, 7.

Hab. Honduras.

Bill shorter than the head ; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro-
linensis, but apparently without any trace of rictal bri.stles (the specimen
before me has the tip broken so that I am unable to speak as to the notch).

Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the anterior
half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak.

Wings broad, much rounded, a little shorter than the tail ; secondaries
elongated, longer than the 2d quill ; 5th and 6th quills longest, forming the
middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side ; the 7th and 8th
on the other ; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondaries ;

56

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

1st quill rather more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated; the
lateral feather .60 shorter than the central ; the feathers rather soft and
broader than usual on the outer webs.

Color glossy black ; wings and tail with a greenish lustre ; rest of body
glossed with steel blue. Bill and legs black.

Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe
and claw, .92.

Smith- Collec-

soaian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from i Collected by

30,652 33

.. j Half Moon Key, Br.
1 [Honduras.

May 10, '62.

0. Salvia. Salvia & Godman.

1

MELANOTIS, Boxap.

Melanotis, Bonap. Conspectus, 1, 1S50, 276. (Type Orpheus casrulescens, Sw.)

Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure
nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate,
reaching to the nostrils.

Wings decidedly shorter than the tail ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 6th and
7th a little shorter than the 3d ; 2d shorter than the secondaries ; nearly as
much shorter than the 4tli as it is longer than the 1st ; 1st quill two-tkirds
the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated ; tlie
feathers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Mtlunoptlla ; lateral
feathers 1.25 less than the central.

Legs rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe ; distinctly scutel-
late on anterior half, with seven broad scutellae. Claws strong, and well
curved.

The type of the genus is the Orpheus cserulescens of Swainson.
The second assigned species, M. hypoleucus, differs somewhat in
form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently
shorter and more concave ; the legs and the claws are stouter,
and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw.
Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In
cserulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in
hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum.

JUelanotis caerulescens.

Orpheus cvrulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico). — Mimus
cxrulescens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S56, 294. — Mclanotis cao7-ulesce7>!s,
BoNAP. Consp. 1850, 276.— Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova,
370; Oaxaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42.

?Turdus erythrophlhalmus, Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 83.

Tardus melanotis, Temji. PI. Col. 498.

Hub. Mexico generally.

MELANOTIS POXACOBIUS.

5t

Measurement (2G,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.S0 ; tail, 5.40; bill from
gape, 1.35 ; nostril, .70 ; tarsus, 1.18 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

Collec-

S.-V

When

8uuiau

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Ko.

No.

Age.

26,374

Xnlapa.

J.ilin Krider.

D Oca.

2f»,.i54

4,282

Mexico.

Berlin Museum.

20,719

"

De Saussute.

2S.031

35

Mii-ador, Mex.

Dr. C. Sanorius.

2'),3j5

99

'c<

Colima, Mex.

Jan. 1863.

J. Xantus.

30,135

151

rf

"

Feb. 1S63.

"

34,013

183

V

Mazatlaa.

June, lSb2.

A. J. Grayson.

3i,014

184

rf

"

"

"

17

Xalapa.

Cab. Lawrence.

D'Oca.

(29,355.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,135.) Length, 10.50. Iris brown.

melanotic Iiypoleiacus.

Mehinotis hypoleucus, H.vrtlacb, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 4*10. — Tb. Jour, f,
Ornith. 1853, 30.— Sclatek & Salvix, Ibis, I, 1859, 7 (eggs).— Ib,
II, 1860, 29.— ScLAXER, P. Z. S. 1859, 337.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 43.

Hah. Guatemala.

Total length, 10.00 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 4.90 ; difference of tail feathers, 1.25 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50 ; of 2d, 2.40 ; length of bill from forehead,
1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.26; middle toe and claw,
1.10; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .37.

Smith- Collec-

sonian \ tor's

No. 1 No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,395 373
16,843

18

Coban, Vera Paz.
Guatemala.

0. Salvin.
J. Gould.
Cab. Lawrence.

DONACOBIUS, SwAixsoN.

Donacobius, SwAixsox, Class. Birds, II, 1S31, 236. (Type D. vociferans,
Sw. ^ Tardus atricapillus, L.)

Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal
groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane ; the
nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered
behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare
naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated
tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth) ; 2d shorter than the
secondaries. Tail feathers broad ; outer webs of lateral feathers having their
outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excessive ; outer feather
about half the middle.

Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scutpllre anteriorly
fused into a continuous ungrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened,
moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base.

58 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20; graduation, 2.00; exposed por-
tion of 1st primary, 1.27, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .63 ;
along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .37;
hind toe and claw, .90 ; claw alone, .43.

The genus Donacohius has been variously placed by authors, by
some among the Thrushes, by others among the "Wrens. The notched
bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with
the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed lo the
latter view of its affinities ; and I have accordingly inserted it here.
It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family
without any representatives in Northern or Middle America.*

Having thus enumerated the species of Turdidse from the region
embraced in the present work, which I have had the opportunity of
examining in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, or else-
where, I proceed to mention the remaining species which have been
given by other authors. The names used are generally those of Dr.
Sclatcr's Catalogue of American Birds, where the precise synonymy
will be found : —

Turdus pinicola, Sclater, Catal. 1861, 6, no. 36. Xalapa.
plelieius, Cabanis, Jour. 1860, 323. Costa Rica.
lligrescens, Cab. Jour. 1860, 325. Costa Rica.

' Most authors admit of but one species in the genus Donacohius, placing
the Bolivian D. albo-vittatus, of D'Orbigny, as a synonym of D. atricapillus.
Specimens in the Smithsonian collection, however, seem to indicate a decided
difference in the much larger size of the Bolivian bird (length, 9.00 ; wing,
3.50; tail, 4.50— instead of 8.25; 3.20; 4.00). There is also a very con-
spicuous and distinct white stripe from the upper edge of the eye along the
side of the head to the nape. This stripe is only faintly indicated, generally
not at all in the atricapillus. The synonomy will be as follows : —

1, Doraacoljillis atricapillus. Hab. Eastern South America.

Turdus atricapillus, Linn. S. N. I, 295. — Donacohius atricapillus, BoN.

Consp. 277. — Bukmeister, Th. Bras. Aves, II, 129.
Tardus and Donacohius brasiliensis, vociferans, etc.
Fig. : SwAiNSON, Zool. 111. n. s. pi. xxvii.

Specimens from Brazil.

2. DonacolJius altoo-vittatus. Uab. Bolivia.

Donacohius albo-vittatus, D'Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 19.
Donacohius albo-lineatus, D'Orb. Voyage, IX, Atlas Zoologique, 1847,
pi. xii. — BoN. Notes Delattre, 1854, 40.

Specimens Nos. 16,832, 16,833. Bolivia, W. Evans.

CINCLUS. 59

Margarops densirostris (Vieill.), Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 336. Guada-

loupe and Martinique.
montanus (Lafr.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1859,336. Guadaloupe.
Ciclilerminia lionapartii (Lafr.), Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 335.

Guadaloupe.

Cinclocertliia ruficanda (Gould), Sclater, Catal. 1861, 7, no. 45.
Guadaloupe.
gutturalis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Martinique.
Mimus domillicus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, .341. St. Domingo.
gundlac&ii (Cab.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 342. Cuba.

HarporJbyncbus ocellatus, Sclatek, Catal. 1862, 358, no. 49. Oax-
aca, Mex.

The following species are mentioned as occnrring in Tobago and
Trinidad. All of them are in the collection of the Institution from
South America: —

Turdus phaeopygus, Sclater, Catal, 1861, 3. Tobago; Venezuela, etc.
gymmoplltlialEUUS (Cab.), Scl. Catal. 1861, 4. Tobago;

Venezuela, etc.
xantlioscelis, Jakdine, Scl. Catal. 1861, 5. Tobago (Bogota,

Verreaux).

Mimus melauopterus, Lawr. Scl. Catal. 18G1, 9. Trinidad ; Venezuela.

Family CINCLID^.

CINCLUS, Bechst,

Cincliis, Bechst. "Gemein. Naturg. 1802." (Type Sfumus cinclas, L.)
Hydrohata, Vieill. Analyse, 1816.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.'

There are three well marked species of this genus in America :
one entirely dusky ((7. mexicanus) ; one dusky, with xA\\\q head

' After a careful consideration of the subject I have come to the conclusion
that as followers of the LiunEean binomial system of nomenclature, we are not
authorized to adopt any genus which is not based by its author upon some
particular object having a specific name avowedly used in the Linnaean bi-
nomial sense. For this reason I begin my referen- e to tht> genera of Linnjeus
with the 10th edition (1758) of the Systema Naturae (the first in which the
binomial system is presented) ; not adopting a name from an earlier edition
of the same author, where it would conflict with the one mentioned. This is
substantially the rule of the British Association, which, however, selects the

60

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

and throat, from Bolivia (C. Icucocephalus, Tschudi) ; and one dusky,
with white head, back, and under parts, from Ecuador and New
Grenada ( C. leuconotus, Scl.). Of these, specimens of leucocephalus
are in the Smithsonian collection, from Bolivia ; and Mr. Lawrence
possesses C. leuconotus, from Ecuador.

tiiaclus MaexicanMS.

Cinclus pallasii, Bon. Zool. Jour. 11, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species).
Cindus mexicanas, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, 368.— Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 10.

— Hydrobata mexicana, Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229. — Cooper

& Sdckley, Rep. P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 175 (nest).
Cinclus americanus, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 273.
Cinclus unicolor, Bon.; C. mortoni, Towns.; C. townsendii, "Aud."

Towns.
Figures : Bonaparte, Am. Orn. II, 1828, pL xvi, fig. 1.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. pi. 37U, 435. — Ib. Birds Amer. II, pi. 137.

nab. Found through the mountainous region of the central part of North
America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico. None received from the coast
region of California.

A Mexican specimen, from Xalapa, representing the species as
established by Swainson, is rather darker below than skins from the
United States, and the feathers exhibit none of those whitish edgings
so common (but not universal) in the latter. The smoky brown of
the head and neck is sharply defined against the plumbeous of the
back, but below shades off insensibly in a wash over the breast.
The bill is black ; the legs dark brown.

In a young bird from Chiloweyuck Depot, the chin and throat are
of a dirty white, and the head is plumbeous without any of the
smoky brown tinge.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Eoaiaa

tor's

aaii

No.

No.

Age.

31,119

800

31,120

801

11,419

11,806

21.5

19,197

227

11,467

Locality.

Fort Halkett, B. A.

Frazer'sRiv. B. Col.
Chiloweyuck.
D('er Creek, Neb.
Fort Ma.ss. N. M.

When
Collected.

Dec. 10, '62
Mar. 18.i8.
Jan. 4, '60.

Received from

J. Luckhart.
A. Campbell.

Capt. Raynolds.
Capt. Bowman.

Collected by

Mr. Brass.
Dr. Kenuerly.
Dr. Hayden.

12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any
apparent good reason.

As Moahring is not a Linnsean binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni-
nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider his names as tenable,
and consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for
another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood.

SAXICOLA.

61

Family SAXICOLIDiE.

SAXICOLA, Bechst.
SaxicoJa, Bechstein, " Gemein. Naturg. 1S02." (Type 3IotaciUa ce)ianthe,L.)

Saxicola oenaiitlae.

Motacilla ananthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 186. — Saxicola cenanthe,
Bechst. " Gemein. Naturg. 1802," and of European authors. —
HoLBoLL, Orn. Green. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland). — Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859,
28 (Bermuda).— Coues, Pr. A. N. S. 1861,218 (Labrador).— Rein-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).
fSaxicola cenanthoicles, Vigors, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame-
rica). — Cassin, 111. I, 1854, 208, pi. xxxiv (Nova Scotia).
Hab. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi-
grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behring
Straits. I liave not seen any from the United States.

This species of late years has been frequently detected in the
eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con-
sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all
appear to belong to the Greenland race (see Coues as above), which
is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most
probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland
route. I have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being
in autumnal livery, and it is not at all improbable that those hitherto
detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland
(where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The
bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. W. coast of
America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central
Europe, and may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Eouiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

18,075

206

d

20,551

43

Locality.

Gro-svater Bay, Lab.
Quebec. [laud.

Godthaab, Green-

When
Collected.

Aug. 24, '60.

Received from

Elliot Coues.
W. Couper.
Williams Coll. Lye.

Collected by

(18,075.) 7.00; 12.60; 4.30.

62

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

SI ALIA, SwAiNSON.
Sialia, SwAiNSON, Zool. Jour. Ill, Sept. 1827, 173. (Type Motacilla sialis, Lisx.)

Sialia sialis.

Motacilla sialis, Linn. S. N. 1758, 187 (based on Catesbt, I, pi. 47). —

Sialia sialis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 222. — Boardman, Pr. Best.

Soc. 1862, 124 (Calais, Me. ; very rare).
Sialia wilsonii, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 173. — Cab. Jour. 1858,

120. — GuNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324. — Jones, Nat. Bermuda,

1859, 28, 68 (resident in Bermuda).
Sylvia sialis. Lath. ; Ampelis sialis, Nutt. ; Erythraca wilsonii, Sw.
Figures : Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. ci, cii, ciii. — Wils. I, pi. iii,

— AtTD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. cxiii. — Ib. B. A. II, pi. 134. — Doughty,
Cab. I, pi. xii.
Bah. Eastern United States ; resident in Bermuda ; Cuba (rare), Gundlach,

As far as the indications of the large number of specimens in the
Smithsonian Museum extend, this species is confined to the eastern
faunal region of the United States and the Provinces, not extending
up the western tributaries of the Missouri into the region of the sterile
plains, nor northward beyond Lake Winnipeg. It is a rare bird in
the West Indies — Gundlach recording it as scarce in Cuba. It is
resident in Bermuda, whence the eggs have been received by the
Institution.

From the fact of the rarity of this species as a winter migrant in
the West Indies, and its not occurring at all on the western plains,
I am inclined to believe that the difference in shade of color shows
the Mexican and the Guatemalan species to be distinct from the
North American, and entitle it to a specific appellation.

Smith-

Collec-

Eoniaa

tor's

No.

No.

27,015

8.8S2

2,3

13,163

6,660

1,285

3,865

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoUected ty

1 Selkirk Settlement.

I Loup Fork of Platte, i July 3.

j St. Joseph's, Mo. ]

Fort Riley, Kansas.
I Carlisle, Pa.

Prairie Mer Ronge L. i

Mar. 9, '44.

Donald Gnnn.
Lt. Warren.
Lt. MiiUan.
Dr. W. A. Ham-
S.F. Baird. [mond.
Jas. Fairie.

Dr. Hayden.
J. Pear.sall.

Sialia azurea.

Sialia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369.

Sialia wilsonii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova).— Is. 1858, 299
(Oaxaca— high lands).— Ib. 1P59, 362 (Xalapa).— Sclatek, Ibis,

1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.— Taylor, Ibis,

1860, 110 (Honduras).— Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest.
Hah. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

SIALIA,

63

(28,021.) Similar to S. sialis, but differing in shade of blue, wliich is
greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower
jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to crissum, which
are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary
abruptly edged with white.

Total length, 6.70; wing, 4,00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along
gape, .80 ; tarsus, .80 ; middle toe and claw, .84.

I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican
and Guatemalan Blue Birds with about fifty from the United States,
to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting
the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited
above. The shade of blue is appreciably different : instead of being
of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. sialis, it is of almost
the very shade of greenish-blue seen in S. arctica, without the
purplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt w^hite margin of the outer
primary in female (?) specimens I have not noticed in the North
American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the
tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead
of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. sialis.

Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner
as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather
than present a new one.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

28,021

11

2S,022

11

28,023

11

30,661

Locality.

Mirador, Mex.

Tactic, Vera Paz,
[Guat.

When
Collected.

Nov. 5, '59.

Keceived from Collected hj

Dr. C. Sartorius.
0. Salvin.

Sialia mexicana.

Sialia mexicana, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 202.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.56,

293 (Cordova) ; 1857, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— Ib.

Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.— Cgopee

& SucKLEY, p. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 173.
Sialia occidentalis, Towns., Aud. ; Sialia casriileocollis, Vigors.
Figures : Aud. B. A. II, pi. 135.— Ib. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 393.— Vigors,

Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pi. iii.

Hah. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not
noticed on the Missouri plains, British America, or Cape St. Lucas. Found
at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater).

64

REVIEW or AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

aud

No.

No.

Age.

7,617

265

1,930

f^

4,903

V

7,6:33

18,315

766

'rf

13.282

rf

5,0.51

4,020

__

Locality.

Fort Steilacoom.
Columbia Kiv.
San Diftro, Cal.
Gila River.
Hellgate, Idaho.
Sweet Water.
FortFillmore, N. M.
Saltillo, Mex.

When

Collected.

Dec. 30, '54.

1860.
Aug. 19, '58.

May, 18.53.

Received from

Dr. Suckley.
S. F. Baird.
Lt. Parke.
Major E in cry.
Lt. Mullan.
Capt. J. H. Simp-
Capt. Pope, [sou,
Lt. Couch.

Collected by

J K Town.seud.
Dr. Heerniann.
A. Scliott.
J. Peaisall.
C. S. M'Carthy.

Sialia arctica.

Erythraca {Sialia) arctica, Swains. F. B. A. II, 1831, 209, pi. 39.—
Siulia arctica, Nottall, Man. II, 1832, 573. — Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 224.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67.
Sialia macroptera, Baikd, Stausbury's Rept. 1852,314 (larger race with
longer wings).
Hab. Central table lands of Nortli America, east to month of Yellowstone.
One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on
the Pacific slope ; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort
Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

sonian

tors

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No,

Age.

1.87.)

rf

Fort Union, Neb.

1 July 1, '43.

S F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

3.706

rf

Salt Lake City.

! Mar. 21, '51.

Capt. Stansbury.

21,918

487

KootenayRiv. W.T.

1

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

27.428

Sirniahmoo, W. T.

...

**

"

17,999

406

Fori Crook, Cal.

...

.John Feilner.

28.131

207

rf

"

1 Mar, 10, '62.

D. F. Parkinson.

4,425

San Diego, Cal.

April, ISO.").

Lt. Trowbridge.

(3,706.) Type of ^. macrupteva.

Family STLYIIDJG.

Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de-
curved at the tip. Culinen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal featliers reaching
to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung — not
concealed — by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending
beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe
attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten •
spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral
toes equal.

The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paridse,
by the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip ; much bristled
gape, sharp-ridged culmen, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes,

IlEGIILUS. 66

etc. They are muoli smaller tliaii the Turdidse and Saxicolidse,
with much more slender, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, etc.
The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin-
guish them from the Sylvicolidee.

Of the two subfaniHies, Regulinse are more nearly related to the
Saxicolidse, and Polioptilinse to the Paridse ; and have, by many
authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis,
however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis-
tinguished : —

Regulinae. Wings longer than the emarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with-
out scutellar divisions.

Polioptilinae. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis-
tinct scutellae.

REGULUS, Cpv.

Rerjnlus, Cuv. ." Lemons d'Anat. Comp. 1799-1800." (Tyipe Motacilla

regulus, Linn.)
Reguloides, Blyth. 1847. (Type "R. proregulus, Pall.," Gray.)
Phyllohaslleus, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen-
dula, Linn.)

Reguliis satrapa.

Recjxdua satrapa, Light. Verz. 1823, no. 410. — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1859,

227.— ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— Baedeker, Cab. Jour.

IV, 33, pi. 1; fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour.

1858, 111.— Cooper & Sdcklet, P. R. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174

(winters in W. Territory).
Si/lvia regulus, WiLS. ; Regidus ci'istatus, Vieill. ; R. tricolor, Nutt., Aud.
Figures: Aud. B. A. II, pi. 132.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 183.— Vieill.

Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. cvi.
Hab. United States and the Eastern Provinces.

This species is found throughout the entire region of the United
States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur
countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Puget
Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook ;
but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points,
not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky
Mountain region anywhere.

The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous
above, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may
possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. ScJater
records it as found at Orizaba, Mcx. This may, however, prove to
be a different species.

Young bii'ds, as with B. calendula, are without the colored crown.
5 July, 1864.

66

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

souian

tor's

and

No.

No.

A>;e.

10,2.37

82S

'r<

32,224

rf

li.sni

200

V

7,176

130

Juv.

16,lyl

244

d

Locality.

Sberborn, Mass.
Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Simiahmoo, \V. T.
Sieilacoom.
Fort Crook, Cal.

When
Collected.

Oct. 22, '42.
Nov.' 23.

Received from

0. S Babcock.
S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.
A. Campbell.
Dr Suckley.
Capt. J. Feilner.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

Regiilus cuvieri.

Regulus cuvieri, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pi. 55, etc. — Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1859, 228.
Hab. " Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812." Aud.

This species continues to be unknown, except from the description
of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above.

Regulus calendula.

Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337. — Regulus calendula.
Light. Verz. 1823, no. 408.— Baird, Birds N. Amer. 1858, 226.—
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1857, 202.— Ib. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaca).
— Ib. 1859, 3G2 (Xalapa). — Ib. Uns, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).—
Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 174. — Reinhardt, Ibis,
18G1, 5 (Greenland).

Regains rubineas, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 180.7, 49, pi. civ, cv.

Other figures : Wils. Am. Orn. 1, 1808, pi. v, fig. 3. — Doughty, Cab. II,
pi. vi.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 195.— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 133.

JIab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala.

This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which,
in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils, which was probably
the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus.
There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although
this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young
specimens of the two species.

Smith-

Col lee.

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18,0S3

107

?

Grosvater Bay, Lab.

Aug. 6, '60.

Elliot Coues.

20,621

486

rT

Fort George, H. B.

July 11, '60.

C. Drexler.

19,482

4.')9

d

Fort Resolution.

May 17.

R. Keuiiicott.

27 222

1,339

"

B R. Ross.

1,343

d

Carlisle, Pa.

April 10, '44.

S. F. Baird.

32.222

d

Liberty County, Ga.

Mar. 1848.

Prof. Leconte.

13,520

295

V

Siraiahmoo Bay.
Fort Tejou, Cal.

April23,'59.

A. Campbell.
J. Xaiitus.

Dr. Kennerly.

4,364

San Dieifo, Cal.

Lt. Trowbridge.

7,172

Espia, Mex.

Major Emory.

Dr. Kennerly.

13,631

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

POLIOPTILA. 67

POLIOPTILA, SCLATEK.

PoUoptila, ScLATER, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 11. (Type Motacilla cserulea, L.)

Since the note on this genus was published by Mr. Sclater, in 1855,
enumerating four species, their number has greatly increased, as at
the present time at least nine or ten may be considered as perfectly
well established^possibly more. The species are very closely allied,
and can only be readily distinguished by an examination of the
males. In all the upper pai'ts are plumbeous gray ; the under white,
more or less tinged with plumbeous. The tail feathers black, with
the outer three or four more or less varied with white ; the quills
black ; the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with white.
The males all have black on the head ; either the whole hood is black,
or else gray, with a narrow line of black margining it above the eye,
or a broad line through the eye.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the males of the
different species of American PoUoptila : —

Whole top of head above black.
No white between eye and bill or above it.

Outer tail feather black, except on outer web and extreme
tip (about one-sixth or seventh). Hab. Rio Grande
and Gila ......... melanura.

Outer tail feather white, except portion hidden by under
tail coverts. Second feather white for terminal third ;
outline of white oblique, or along the fibres of the
feather. Tarsus, .75 ; tail, 2.20. Ilab. N. W. Mexico nigriceps.
Outer tail feather black at base, but with more white than
last ; outlines of white directly transverse. Tarsus,
.69 ; tail, 2.45. Hab. Brazil ..... leucogastra.

Outer tail feather entirely white ; 2d and 3d white nearly

to base. Hab. Guiana and New Grenada . . buffoni.

Lores white ; eyelids black.

Outer tail feather black at the base. Hab. Central Amer. albiloris.
Lores and short supra-ocular stripe white.

Inner web of outer tail feather white almost to base ; next
with basal third black : this color extending little
further on the inner than the outer web. Hab. Panama superciliaris.
Inner web of outer tail feather black for basal third ; next
with basal half black : this color extending much
more on inner than outer web. Size considerably
larger. Hab. Carthagena bilineata.

Sides of head black ; top gray.
Under parts plumbeous, lighter than back. Hab. Eastern La

Plata States ........ dumicola.

Under parts white, tinged with plumbeous. Hab. Bolivia . boliviana.

68

REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.

[part I.

Top of head gray ; sides whitish.

A black frontal line extending backwards over the eye. Lateral
tail feather white, except at the base. Tail slightly
graduated. First primary much less than half the
second. Hab. North America ..... caeridea.

A black crescentic line beginning at top of eye and bordering
the ear coverts. Lateral tail feather black for basal
half on inner web. Tail much graduated. First pri-
mary more than half the second. Hab. Cuba . . lemheyii.

A black line above the eye, not reaching the bill or ear coverts.
Lateral tail feather black on nearly the whole of inner
web. Tail moderately graduated. First primary more
than half the second. Hab. Arizona . . . plumbea.

Polioptila melaiiiira.

Culicivora atricapilla, Laweence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1S51, 124

(not of Swaixson).
Culicivora mexicana, Cassin, lUust. 1, 1854, 164, pi. xxvii (not of Bon.).
Polioptila melanura, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Dec. 1856, 168. —

Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 382.— Heeemaxn, P. R. R. R. vol. X

(Williamson), 1859, 39.
Hah. San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape St. Lucas.

Specimens of this species from Cape St. Lucas differ from tliose
of San Diego described in the P. R. R. Report (*7191), in having
the whole of the outer web of the outer tail feather white, and in a
rather larger white tip. The colors beneath are a little less ashy,
though not of a pure white. The ash of the back is rather lighter
and purer. The lores are rather lighter. The 1st primary is a little
larger and broader.

It is possible that the restriction of the white of the outer web
of the exterior tail feather to the outer half only is an unusual
circumstance, as both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their de-
scriptions, speak of the entire outer web being white — tlie second
feather being of the former character. Under these circumstances
there will be little specific diiFerence between the tails of P. melanura
and j:>lumhea. The female bird will then be separated by the light
superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of P. plumbea — the latter
measuring .63, instead of nearly .70 of an inch.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex

and Locality.

Age.

When
Collected.

Received from

CoUected hy

7,191

7,192

12,966

16,961

323
1,346

cT San Diego, Cal.

?

rf Cape St. Lucas.

?

Lt. Williamson.
J. XantuR.

Dr. Heei'iuann.

POLIOPTILA.

69

Polioptila nigriceps.

Polioptila n'tgriceps, Baikd, n. s.

% . Above clear pure ligbt bluish gray ; beneath pure white, including the
flanks. Entire top of the head and sides, including lower eyelids, lustrous
black. A slight ashy tinge on the sides of the neck. Only a few feathers
in the eyelids white. Outer tail feather white, except for the basal con-
cealed third, as is also the outer web, except at the base, and the terminal
fourth (or .65 of an inch) of the next. Third feather with the inner web
tipped with white for about a quarter of an inch : perhaps in the unworn
feather extending a little on the outer web. First primary broad, about half
as long as the 2d. No white on secondaries, or else worn off in this specimen.

Length, about 4.50 inches; wing, 1.95; tail, 2.15; bill above, .48; from
gape, .32; tarsus, .75.

Ilab. Mazatlan.

This interesting new species of Polioptila resembles P. melanura
in general appearance, but will be readily distinguished by the white
outer tail feather and much purer white of the under parts. The
gray above is lighter and clearer ; the bill is larger (equal to that of
cserulea), and the tarsi are longer. The black cap seems to extend
farther down the side of the head, and along the nape.

The species appears well characterized by the length of the tarsi,
which exceed those of any other species known to me ; the bill is
not so stout as, and decidedly shorter than that of P. albiloris (32,556),
and there is no trace of white in the lores, or between eye and bill.
The tail is longer; the 1st primary only half the 2d.

From leucogastra it differs in the smaller size, shorter bill and
longer tarsi, narrower tail feathers and less amount of white on the
tail, as Avell as different geographical distribution. P. huffoni has
the outer tail feather entirely white, and the 2d and 3d white almost
to the base. The tail is considerably shorter.

Smith-
sonian.
No.

Collec-
tox*'s
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,7S1

294

d

Mazatlan.

July, 1S61.

J. Xantus.

23,781. Type.

Polioptila leucogastra.

Sylvia leucogastra, Max. Beit. Ill, 1830, 710. — Polioptila leucogastra,
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1855, 12 (in part).— Ib. Cat. 1861, 12, no. 74.—
Culicivora leucogastra, Bckm. Th. Bras. Vo^el, 1856, 111.

Culicivora atricapilla, Sw. Zool. 111. N. S. pi. Ivii (not of Lawrence).

Culicivora dumecola, BoN. Cousp. 1850, 316 (not of Vieillot,).

TO REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAUT I.

(No. 57, Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Bahia.) Above lead gray, darker
towards the ruiiip ; top of head and sides to lower edge of the eye glossy
black. Beneath clear white, with a tinge of plumbeous across breast and
sides. Quills black, edged like the back, the alula and inner secondaries
broadly with white. Tail feathers glossy black, except the three exterior,
of which the outermost is black on the basal half of the inner web (rather
less on the outer) ; the next has the black extended nearly half as much more
(on the basal two-thirds) ; the next is black, with the terminal fourth white.
The shafts throughout are black.

The length of the outer primary cannot be given, as the wings are not quite
perfect.

Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 2.35 ; bill from forehead, .57, from
nostril, .35 ; along gape, .64 ; tarsus, .71 ; middle toe and claw, .45.

Polioptila bufToiii.

PoUoptila huffoni, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1861, 127.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 73.

This black-headed species I have not seen. It is said by Dr.
Sclater to differ in a considerably smaller size (length, 4.00 ; wing,
1.90; tail, 1.80; bill from gape, .60), a longer bill, and in having
the outer tail feather entirely white, the second and third white
almost to the base. In leucogastra the black is much more extended,
as will be seen above.

Polioptila albiloris.

Polioptila albiloris, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298 (Guatemala).

" This species has the pileus black, the lores white ; the outer three tail
feathers tipped with white, decreasing gradually in amount (none entirely
white). There does not appear to be a superciliary stripe. Length, 4.30 ;
wing, 1.90; tail, 2.00."— Salvin.

Bab. West Coast Central America.

In the collection before me are several skins from Central America
which possess, to a certain extent, the characters of the specimen
given above — the one coming nearest to it (32,556) having the back
of a light gray color, the whole top and side of the head down to
the lower edge of the eye black. There is a short white line from
nostril towards, but not reaching the eye ; the lores themselves are,
however, black. The outer tail feather is white, except on the con-
cealed base of the inner web, which is black ; the next has this black
reaching beyond the middle of the feather ; the third has an oblique
white tip. The bill is long ; the 1st primary is little more than half
the 2d. Length, about 4.00; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .67;
bill from nostril, .35.

A second specimen (30,555) is very similar, but shows only the

POLIOPTILA.

•71

slightest trace of the white near the bill — an occasional feather only
being tipped with this color.

A female referred to this species is similar in general character,
but without the black head ; the bill rather larger. The whole
loral region to bill and the eyelids are white.*

Smith-

soniau

No.

32,556
30,555
30,554
34,101

Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. , Age.

248

Locality.

When
Collected.

cf ■ Grenada, Nicar.

cf W. coast Cent. Am.

? Eealejo, 0. A.

d

Julvie. '63.

Feb. 1S64.

Keceived from

Acad. Nat. Set
Capt. J. M. Dow.

Collected by

Polioptila superciliaris.

PoUoptila sitperciliaris, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 304, 322
(Panama).

First primary broad, and more than half the second, which is equal in
length to outer secondaries. Color above light ashy (paler than in Icuco-
gastra) ; secondaries margined with white. The top of the head and nape
are glossy black ; the sides, however, are white, excepting a short black line
from the eye backwards, running into the black of the nape. In other words,
a conspicuous white line from the bill over the eye (which is situated about
opposite its middle) and involving the whole loral region. The tail is glossy
black ; the outer tail feather is entirely white to the base ; the next is white,
except for the basal third ; the next white for rather less than the terminal
third ; the fourth feather has a narrow white tip. The shafts of the white
portions of the tail feathers are white.

' Since the preceding article was written Mr. Salvin has kindly transmitted
to me for examination his type specimens of P. albiloris, from Guatemala, and
skins labelled P. buffoni, from La Union, Salvador. The former agree very
well with the first described specimen of " albiloris,'^ except that the bill is
not so large nor so much decurved at the end, the lores are more nearly
white — there being only a few blackish feathers in front of the eye (more
perhaps on one side than on the other) ; the white of the tail feathers extends a
little farther towards the base. No. 34,101, also received recently, agrees with
the type, except in having the larger bill. I can see very little difference
between Mr. Salvin's specimens of " albiloris" and of " buffoni," excepting ia
the color of the lores, and those described above, form two stages of inter-
mediate gradation. I am, therefore, not disinclined to the impression that
they all form one species. They all differ from P. buffoni, of Cayenne and
Bogota, as first described by Dr. Sclater, in having nearly the basal third of
the inner web of outer tail feather black, not white ; the basal half of the
inner web of the second, and the basal three-fourths of that of the third
feather black, instead of being white, almost to the base.

The P. nigriceps differs from all these specimens in the longer tarsi and the
oblique markings on the tail.

•72

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The female resembles the male, except in having the black of head replaced
by ash, like the remaining upper parts. The white on the side of the head
is not so distinctly defined as in the male, but the short superciliary stripe is
distinctly appreciable.

Total length, 3.80 ; wing, 1.76 ; tail, 1.75 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.63 ; of 2d, 1.15 ; of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.40 ; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .55 ;
tarsus, .57.

Hah. Isthmus of Panama.

This beautiful species, perhaps the least of the genus, is closely
related to P. bilineata, from Carthagena. Sclater, however, describes
this as having the tips of the outer lateral tail feather white, on
•which account Mr. Lawrence makes it distinct. As, however, Bona-
parte, in his diagnosis of F. bilineata (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850,
316), gives the outer tail feathers as white, the question remains to
be decided by reference to the type in the Berlin Museum.*

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,097

51
51

?

d

Isthmus Panama.

Cab. Lawrence.
Geo. N. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.

51. Type.

Polioptila Ijilineata?!

Culicivora bilineata, Bp. Consp. 1850, 316 (type from Carthagena, in
Berlin Museum). — Polioptila bilineata, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1855, 12;
1860, 273.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 13, no. 75.

Eab. S. America: Carthagena; Ecuador (Esnieraldas, Babahoyo, Sclater).

A female specimen (Xo. 9,110) received from Mr. Yerreaux, and
referred to in the " Birds of North America," 381, as possibly the
bilineata, has the characters of the species in the white lores and

• Since writing the preceding I have been favored by Dr. W. Peters, Direc-
tor of the Berlin Museum, with a diagram of the outer two tail feathers of
the type specimen of P. bilineata, and of their markings. He states that
" the two outer tail feathers are white except at the base, which is black, in
such a manner that the black extends much more on the inner part at the
vexillum than on the outer part." The diagram represents much broader
tail feathers than those of superciliaris, with considerably more black at the
base ; this color on the inner web extending a quarter of an inch further than
on the outer, in the first feather covering more than one-third, in the second
about one-half of the web. In superciliaris the amount of black is consider-
ably less, and extends little more on the inner than on the outer web.

POLIOPTILA.

■73

the superciliary stripe ; but the locality assigned, of " Mexico," is
opposed to the idea of its being the true bilineata. It is much
larger than the female of superciliaris, with the white on side of head
much purer, though otherwise similar. The outer tail feather is
entirely white, except at the concealed base ; the next has basal
half of inner web black, this color extending much beyond the black
of outer web ; the third is white for the terminal fourth or 6fth. The
1st quill is more than half the 2d. It is specifically distinct, with-
out doubt, from supejx-ilia?-is, and if not hilineata, and really from
Mexico, probably indicates the existence of a third species with
black head. Compared with a supposed female of P. alhiloris, the
bill is weaker, size larger, more white on the head and tail, etc.*

Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 1.85 ; tail, 2.10 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.68, of 2d, 1.2S, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.44;
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .70.

Smith-
souian

Collec-
tor's

No.

31,390

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

9,110

•'Mexico."

Verreaux.

Polioptila dtimicola.

Sylvia dumicola, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Al, 170. — Ib. Encycl. Meth. II,
1823, 433.— Polioptila dumicola, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1855, 12.— Culi-
civora dumicola, Bukm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 473 (Montevideo
and Parana).

fCulicivora boliviana, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1852, 34, pi. 47 (Bolivia).

Hab. La Plata States ; Bolivia ?

I am by no means satisfied that the boliviana, of Sclater, is not
a different species from dumicola, at least Smithsonian specimens
from the two localities are readily distinguishable. The La Plata
bird is nearly uniform lead gray below, including the lining of the
wing; on the throat and breast not very much lighter than on the
back, becoming paler posteriorly, but nowhere white. In the Bolivian
the under parts may be called dull white, with a slight tin"-e of
plumbeous on the throat, and a rather deeper shade of the same
across the breast ; the cheeks below the black patch are quite clear
white, and not dark plumbeous. The light edgings on the win"-s
are more conspicuous.

' The tail feathers are almost too much worn for comparison with the dia-
gram furnished by Prof. Peters, but they do not appear materially different.

■74

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Boaiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

AgH.

12,.376

8

r^

12,372

8

V

16,338?

.54

16.3.36

54

9

16,848

rT

16,847

V

Locality.

Buenos Ayres.

Paraguay.

Brazil.

Bolivia.

When
Collected.

June, 18.59.
Oct. 1859.

Received from

Capt. T. J. Page.

Walter Evans.

Collected by

12,376. Steamer Argentina. 12,372. Do. 16,338? Expl. of Parana. 16,330. Do.

Polioptila plunibea.

Polwptila plumbea, Baird, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, June, 1854, 118.— Ib. Birds
N. Am. 1858, 382, pi. xxxiii, fig. 1.

Hab. Arizona.

The only specimens received additional to those nicntioned in
Birds N. A. are Nos. 11,541 and 11,542, collected at Fort Yuma,
by Lt. Ives. The species appears to be confined to Arizona.

Polioptila caerulea.

Motacilla caerulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337 (based on Motacilla

parva casrulea, Edw. tab. 302). — Culicivora caerulea, Cab. Jour.

1855, 471 (Cuba). — Polioptila caerulea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 11.

— Ib. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 70.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 380.
Motacilla cana, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 973.
? Culicivora mexicana, BoN. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Cassin), female. —

Polioptila viexicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373. — Ib. Catal.

1861, 12, no. 71.
Figures : Vieill. Ois. II, pi. 88. — WiLi50N, Am. Orn. II, pi. xviii, fig. 3.

— AcD. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 84.— Ib. B. A. I, pi. 70.

Hah. Middle region of U. S., from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate-
mala. Cuba, Gundlach and Bryant.

A winter specimen, from near Cape St. Lucas, of P. cserulea, has
the ash of the back washed with a brownish tinge. I have not seen
this in any other specimens to anything like the same extent.

After a careful examination of Mexican specimens, labelled P.
mexicana by Mr. Verreaux, and of others received from Guatemala,
I am unable to distinguish them from P. cserulea. One of these,
No. 22,418 (38,658 of Verreaux), has the black frontal line, and the
same pure bluish ash of northern specimens. The lores are perhaps
a little whiter than usual, not more so than in specimens from
Tamaulipas and Illinois.

All these specimens from the south agree with northern cseridca
in the small, rather narrow, falcate first primary, scarcLly two-thirds

CHAM^AD.^,

15

the exposed portion of the second. In all the other species before
me this primary is larger, broader, and as long as or longer than the
remaining exposed portion of the second.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

eoniaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

604

New York.

S. F. Baird.

1,835

Philadelphia.

"

615

fj

Washiugton, D. C.

Aprils, '42.

"

Wm. ai. Baird.

616

Q

"

"

"

"

29,483

1,164

§

"

April 18, '61.

E. Cones.

2,401

Savannah, Ga.

1845.

S. F. Baird.

8,671

rf

Indian Key, Fla.

Aug. 27, '57.

G. Wiiideniann.

10,213

Union County, 111.

April 20.

R. Kennicott.

10,214

(f

South Illinois.

May IS.

"

4,682

r/

Bald Island, Neb.

Apiil2.J,'56.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

6,641

is

rf

East of Fort Riley.

June 16, '56.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

7,188

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Dr. T. C. Henry.

7,193

5

Organ Mts., Tex.

Major Emory.

J. H. ciark.

4,593

34

V?

Colorado Riv., Cal.

"

A. Schott.

21,371

Yieka, Cal.

May 26.

W. Vuille.

29,748

1,790

cT

Maryville, Cal.

April 24, '63.

F. G ruber.

13,742

209

ff

Fort Tejon, Cal.

J. Xautus.

31,888

r<

San Diego, Cal.

Dec. .5, '61.

Geol. Suiv. Cal.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

16,960

5,249

Cape St Lucas.

Oct. 10, '59.

J. Xantus.

17,290

3,409

"

3,985

rf

Tamaulipas, Max.

18.S3.

Lt. Couch.

31,823?

1,656

rf

Colima, Mex.

Aug. 1863.

"

9,223

Mexico.

J. Gould.

22,418

38,658

rf

Cohan.

Verieaux.

9,222

Guatemala.

J. Gould.

9,223. "P. mexicana."

Family CHAM^AD^.

Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor decurved. Culmen
sharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with au incumbent scale. Rictal bristle.s reach-
ing beyond nostrils, which are scantily overhung by bristly feathers. Loral
feathers bristly and directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a con-
tinuous plate anteriorly, with faint indications of scutellse on the inner side.
Basal joint of middle toe attached for about half its length on either side.
Primaries ten ; 6th quill longest. Plumage very lax.

I have found it impossible to assign the genus Chamsea to any
recognized family of American birds, and have accordingly been
obliged to give it independent rank in this respect, although it may
properly belong to some old world group with which I am not ac-
quainted. In its general appearance it approaches the Paridse in
loose plumage, bristly lores, want of notch to bill, etc. ; but differs
in the very much bristled rictus, sharp-ridged culmen, linear nostrils,
booted tarsi, less amount of adhesion of the toes, etc. It approaches

•76

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the Stjlciidse in the sharp-ridged culraen and bristly gape, but is
otherwise very different. The excessively rounded wing is a peculiar
feature, the sixth primary being the longest.

The family may, perhaps, be best placed between the Sylviidse and
Paridce.

CHAMPA, Gambei..
Chnma'a, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 154. (Type Parus fasciattis.')

Bill much shorter than head, conical compressed. Culmen much curved;
gonys' less so. Nostrils linear, covered and nearly hidden by an incumbent
scale, as in some Wrens. Wings much rounded, about two-thirds the tail ;
the 6th primary longest ; the 3d equal to the secondaries. Tail very long and
much graduated, the lateral feathers not two-thirds the central ; feathers nar-
row, with narrow outer webs.

The genus, as far as known, embraces but a single species.

Cliaiiia^a fasciata.

Parus fasciat us, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Aug. 1845, 265 (California). —
Ckamaea fasciata, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 154. — In. J. A.
N. Sc. 2d series, 1, 1847, 34, pi. viii, fig. 3. — Cabanis, ^iegmann's
Archiv, 1848, I, 102.— Cassis, Illust. I, 1853, 39, pi. vii.— Baied,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 370.

Hub. Coast region of California.

(5,924, %, California.) Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, gradua-
tion, 1.20; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85. of 2d, 1.30, of longest, Gth
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from fore-
head, .52, from nostril, .30 ; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe and claw,
.78 ; claw alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

fioaian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

3 339

7,163

o,9'24

rf

2.1,369

607

rf

31,S90

699

Locality.

California.
Sacramento Valley.
Sta. Clara, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
San Diego, Cal.

When
Collected.

Sept. 18.57.
Dec. 5, '61.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Williamson.
Dr. Cocper.
John Xantus.
Geol. Surv. Cal.

Collected by

Dr. Gamliel.
Dr. Heermaun.

Dr. Cooper.

3,339. Type epecimea. (31,890 ) 6.60; 7.12; 2.25. "Iris white.'

LOPHOPHANES. TT

Family PARID^.

Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Cnlmen broad
and rounded, not sharp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and con-
cealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly,
directed forwards. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; basal joints of anterior toes
abbreviated, that of middle toe united about equally for three-fourths its
length to the lateral : in Pnrinx forming a kind of palm for grasping ; outer
lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten : the 1st much
shorter than the 2d. Tail feathers with soft tips.

With Cabauis I include the Nuthatches in the same family with
the Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to include both
groups. They agree in having a conical bill, not notched nor de-
curved, with much rounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure,
and rounded nostrils covered with dense bristles. These characters
will readily distinguish them, in connection with the ten primaries,
and tarsi with scutellse on the anterior half only (as compared with
Alaudidse), from any other American Oscines.

The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished : —

Parinae. Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded,
e(iual to, or shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the
loth. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, which are about
equal to the hinder ; soles of toes widened into a palm. Plumage rather
soft and lax.

Sittinae. Body depressed. Bill about equal to, or longer than the head.
Wings much pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus
shorter than the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the
hinder. Plumage more compact.

Among the Parinee are several extremes of form, but the American
species are sufficiently allied to allow them to be united into one
subfamily.

Subfamily PARING.

LOPHOPHANES, Kaup.

Lophophnnes, Kattp, Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 1829. (Type Parus cristatus.')
Baeolophus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850-51, 91. (Type Parus bicolor, L.)

Cabanis, as quoted above, makes a new genus for our Tufted Tit-
mouse, on the ground of a difference in the crest, and in having

78

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

stouter bill and feet, and longer legs. As, however, our other species
vary considerably in this respect, I can hardly consider these as
more than specific diflFerences.

Lopliophanes bicolor.

Parus bicolor, LixN. Sjst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 340 (based on Parus
cristatus, Catesby, I, pi. 57). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour, VI, 1858, 118. —
Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. List Birds Europe, 1842. — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 384.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. Hl.—Bwoloplms
bicolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 91 (type of genus).

Lophophanes missouriensis, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 384 (var. from
Missouri River).

Figures : Wilson, Am. Om. I, pi. viii, fig. 5. — Aud. Om. Biog. I, pi. 301.
— Ib. Birds Am. II, pi. 125.

Hab. United States, from Missouri valley eastward.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

toi's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

823

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 20, '42.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

1,292

?

"

May n, '44.

"

28,9.58

573

rf

Washington, D. C.

Jan. 16. '60.

Dr. E. Cones.

29,9.-56

"

Sept. 24, '60.

D. W. Prentiss.

32,281

V

Liberty Co., Ga.

Prof. J. Leconte.

20,921

Illinois.

R. Kennicott.

29,675

Springfield, III.

P. M. Springer.

4,730

Fort Leavenworth.

April 21, '54.

Lt. D. N. Couch.

6,752

"

Jan. 2(1, '55.

"

4,731

••

St. Joseph, Mo.

April 22, '56.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hay den.

(823.) 6.25: 10; 3.17. (1,292.) 5.66; 9.66 ; 3.08. (28,958.) 6.30 ; 10.30; 3.20. (32,281.) 5.80;
9.50; 3.00. 6,752. Type of \a,T. missouriensis. 4,731. Eyes dark-brown.

Loplioplianes atricristatiis.

Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. V, 1850, 103, pi. ii (Texas).
Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin, 111. Birds Texas, etc. I, 1853, 13,
pi. iii.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 385.

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande, south.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

12,107

rf

6,756

3,974

96

?

3,975

97

9,111

29,713

22,416

29,856

Locality.

San Antonio, Tex.
Fort Clarke, Tex.
New Leon, Mex.

Mexico.

When
Collected.

April 13, '51.

Received from

Capt. Sitgreaves.
Lt. J. G. Parke.
Lt. D. N. Couch.

Verreaux.

Collected by

Dr. Woodhonse.
Dr. Heermann.

Lophoplianes inornatus.

Parus inornatitSf Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. Aug. 1845, 265 (Upper
California). — Ib. J. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pi. vii. — Lopho-

PARUS.

79

phanes inornatus, Cassin, 111. 1853, 19. — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
386.— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 88.
Hab. Southern United States, from Rocky Mts. to Pacific.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

8oaiau

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

5,-,ir>

rf

5,923

12.904

104

4,9;jl

18

2.j,3.54

1,496

^

12,106

rf

11,543

SI

d

6,753

Locality.

Petaluma, Cal.
Santa Clara, Cal.
Napa Valley, Cal.
San Jose, Cal.
Kort Tejon, Cal.
San Francisco Mts.
Fort Defiance, N. M.
Fort Thorn, N. M.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1858.
Oct. 9.

Received from

E. Samuels.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

A. J Grayson.

J. Xantus.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
Lt. J. C. Ives.
Dr. T. C. Henry.

Collected by

Dr. Woodhonse.
H. B.MuUhausen.

Lopbiophanes ^vollwelieri.

Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Wester-
MANN, Bijdr. Dierkunde, III, 1851, 15, plate. — Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 386, pi. liii, fig. 1.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca,
high lands).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 89.

Parus annexus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 103, pi. i.

Lophophanes galeatus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 90.

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains of U. S., and along table lands through
Mexico, to Oaxaca.

No additional materials relative to this species have been received
since ]8q8.

Smith- 'CoUec-' Sex

sonian tor's i and

No. No. j Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

6.794 3
6,797 1 ..

6.795 1 50
9,221 ' ..

?

Copper Mines, N. M.
Fort Thorn, N. M.
Pueblo Creek, N. M.
Mexico.

Jan. 22, '54.

Col. J. D. Graham.
Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. A. W. Whipple.
J. Gould.

J. H. Clark.
Dr. Kennerly.

PARUS, Linn.

Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. (Type Pants major.) — Ib. Fauna Suecica,
238. (Type P. major,)— Ib. Syst. Nat. 1758, 189. (Type Parus
cristatus.)

Parus septentrionalis*

Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. II, 1845, 300. — Cassin
must. I, 1853, 17, 80, pi. xiv.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 389.—
Sclater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82. — Parus septentrionalis, var.
albescens, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxvii.

fParus atricapillus, Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 119.

Hab. Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mts.

80

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Thus far I have seen none of the common Biack-eappcd Titmouse
(P. atricapillus), from the line of the Missouri lliver and westward
to the Rocky Mountains, that were not referable to the long tailed
species. Specimens vary in amount of white on the wings and tail,
but the real 'characters are pretty constant. The specimens at
present in the collection, however, are not in sufficiently good con-
dition, nor numerous enough, to exhibit the exact limitations of the
two species.

I have already referred (B. N. A. 389) to specimens from the
southern Rocky Mountains (Fort Massachusetts), in which the
white markings are of a plumbeous tinge. Some others, since re-
ceived, exhibit this same character, and it is not impossible that it
may indicate a specific form. The specimens, however, are not in
sufficiently good condition to settle the question, but their general
appearance is more that of Farus meridionalis, than the North
American Black-caps.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

aud
ARe.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

19.557

147

?

Ft. Simpson, H.B.T.

April 23, '60 B. R. Ro.ss.

20,266

2.54

"

Oct. 19, '59. ! R. Kenuicott.

19,.5.58

306

Fort Liard.

Jan. 12, '60.

13,700

..

Lake Winnipeg.

June 6, '59. "

27,0i9

Fort Garry.

Donald Gunn.

6,765

Fort Leavenworth.

Lt. CoHch.

4,733

Mo. of Big Nemaha.

April 2, '66. Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

20,338

Fort Randall.

Capt. J.P. M'Cown.

5,873

Fort Riley.

18o6.

Jno. Xantus.

13,175

89

Near Fort Benton.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

17,551

261

Teton River.

"

"

11.082

Fort Bridger.

Aprin0,'.58. C. Drexler.

22.049

78

Helltjate, Idaho.

Aug. 28, '60. ' Dr. Cooper.

8,828

Black Hills.

Sept. 15.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

13,779

15

Fort Massachu'^etts,

Capt. A. W. Bow-

1.3,780

[N. M.

" [man.

11,472

"

"

11,473

"

11,474

...

(8,828.) 5.50; 2.75. (11,472.) Plumbeous variety. (11,473.) Do. (11,474.) Do,

Parus atricapillus.

Parus atricapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341 (based on Parrts atrica-
pillus canadensis, Brisson, III, 553, tab. xsix, fig. 1). — Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 390.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 13, no. 80.— PaciVa atri-
capilla, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

Parus palustris, Nptt. Man. I, 1832, 79.

Figured by Acdubon, Wilson, etc.

Uab. Eastern North Amerid!l.

PARUS.

81

Smith- Col lec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soDian tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18,694

?

Portsmouth, N. H.

Jan. 8.

Elliot Coues.

12,831

r<

Brooklyn, N. Y.

J. Akhurst.

830

9

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 22, '42.

S. F. Baird.

29,676?

Springfield, 111.

P. M. Springer.

29,668?

Temiscamingue,
Can. [H. B.

Thos. Richards.

32,344

Moose Factory,

1862.

J. Mackenzie.

(830.) 5.00; 7.75; 2.50.

Pariis occidentalis.

Parus occidentalis, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 391 (W. Territory). —
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.

Hab. Northwest coast region of the United States.

No specimen of this species has been received for several years.

Parus meridionalis.

Parus meridionalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (El Jacale, Max.). — Ib.
1857, 81 ; 1858, 299.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 83.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 392.
Not figured.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

As already shown in Bifds N. Am., this bird is very different
from the United States species in the absence of any lighter edgings
on the greater wing coverts (seen in all the others), in the almost
entire absence of whitish edging to the quills and tail, and in the
ashy, instead of the rusty, flanks and crissum. The size is about that
of the Parus atricapillus.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

10,203
32.470
32,736

.392
44,730

Mexico. [region.)
Orizaba. (Alpine
Mexico.

Dr. P. L. Sclater.
Prof. F. Sumichrast.
Verreaux.

Parus carolinensis.

■ Parus carolinensis, AtJD. Om. Biog. II, 1834, 474, pi. 160. — Ib. Birds Am.
II, 1841, 152, pi. 127.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 392.— Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 13, no. 81. — Pcecila carolinensis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

ffab. South Atlantic and gulf region of U. S.
6 August, 1864.

82

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

10,.il4

^

607

rf

706

11,971

V

29,962

301

V

19,088

60

d

Locality.

Cape May Co., N J.
Washington, D. C.

Fort Cobb, Ark.

When
Collected.

Feb, 22, '42
.\pril 5, '42,
May 1, '59.

Received from

J. K. Townsend.
W. M. Baird.

C. Drexler.
I D. W. Prentiss.
May 20, '60. I J. H. Clark.

Collected by

C. S. M'Carthy.

(607.) 4.25; 6.50. (706.) 4.60; 7.00. (11,971.) 4.80; 7.32.

Pariis montanus.

Parus montanus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. April, 1843, 259 (Santa Fe). —
Ib. Jour. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pi. viii, fig. 1. — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 185S, 394.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 84.

Hab. Mountain regions of Middle and Western United States.

Several variations in coloration and other characters will be found
mentioned in the Birds N.'Am., as quoted above, but nothing appa-
rently of specific value.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Bonian tor's

and

Locality.

Received frt)m

Collected by

No. ; No.

Age.

4,390 1 171

Fort Dalles, Oregon.

Feb. 18.i5.

Dr. Suckley.

21,9.59 1 582

ColviUe Depot, W.T.

Mar. 20, '60.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

21,9.57 593

"

July 15, '60.

"

"

22,041 ! ..

Bitter-root Mts.

Sept 3, '60.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

17,556 1 614

"

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsail.

16,206 1 60

9

Fort Crook, Cal.

John Feilner.

21,466 1 ..

"

D. F. Parkinson.

2.5,710 '1,266

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Dec. is60.

John Xantus.

10,544 I 64

cf

San Francisco Mts.

Capt. J. C. Ives.

Mollhausen.

5,643 222

?

Medeciue, BowCr"k.

Aug. 6, '56.

Lt Bryan, [man.

W. S. Wood.

11,475

Fort Massachusetts.

Capt. A. W. Bow-

10,712

Ft. Burgwyn, N. M.

Dr. W. W. Andei-
[son.

(22,041.) Iris brown.

Parus hudsonicus.

Parus hudsonicus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.— Attd.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543, pi. 194.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 155, pi.
128.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 395.

Ilab. Northeastern portions of North. America.

Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than
those from Maine and Nova Scotia, with proportionally longer tails
(3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). I can, however, detect no other
difference, although I have access to but a few skins from southern
points. This difference is much the same as between P. atricajnlhis
and septentrionalis ; to which variety the original P. hudsonicus

PARUS,

83

belongs, yet remains to be determined, and to which, if any, a new
name is to be given.

The Parus sihiricus, of Europe, is very similar in coloration and
characters to the P. hudsonicus. The principal difference is seen in
the cheeks, which in sihiricus are pure white, this color extending
along the entire side of the neck, widening behind, and extending
round towards the back. In hudsonicus the cheeks behind the eyes
and sides of neck are ash gray, the white being confined to the region
below or near the eye. The smoky gray of the upper part of head
and neck in sihiricus is in a stronger contrast with the brighter
rufescent gray of the back, and is separated from it by an obscure
concealed whitish dorsal half collar, represented in hudsonicus only
by a dull grayish shade in the plumage.

Smith- 'collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soDian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

18.087

157

Rigolet, Lab.

Julv 13, '59.

E. Cones.

17,101

Halifax, N. S.

J. R. Willis.

2,926

Eastern N. America.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

27,349

1,308

Ft. Youkon.

February.

R. Kennicott.

19,559

256

Ft. Simpson.

Oct. 19, '59.

"

27,346

1,918

V

"

April.

B. R. Rof^s.

19,5.13

315

Ft. Liard.

Jan. 20.

R. Kennicott.

19,566

Big Island, G. S. L.

J. Reid.

22,276

920

Ft. Rae, G. S. L.

May, 1860.

L. Clarke, Jr.

Parus rufescens.

Parus rufescens, TowxsEXD, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, ii, 1837, 190.— Aud.
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pi. 353.— Is. Birds Am. 1841, 158, pi. 129.
— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.— Cooper & Sucklet, P. R. R. Rep.
XII, II, 1859, 194 (nesting).- ScLATEE, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 86.—
Pcecila rufescens, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 230.

Hah. Western United States near Pacific coast.

Smith- iCollec-

Sex

When
Collected.

eonian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

17,444

437

?

Simiahmoo, W. T.

Dec. 23, '59.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

11,812

222

Chiloweyuck, W. T.

Sept. 27.

"

"

21,955

Kootenay Camp.

"

"

6,778

Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.

Mar. 1856.

Dr. Geo. Suckley.

6,786

41

Ft. Vancouver.

Dec. 29, '53.

Gov. I. I. Stevens.

Dr. Cooper.

2,931

Columbia River.

S. F. Baird.

J. K. Townsend.

1,924

"

"

6,784

San Francisco?

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

22,415

40,752

d-

California.

Verreaux.

84

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

PSALTRIPARUS, Boxap.

Psaltriparus, Bonap, C. R. XXXI, 1850, 478. (Type P. melanotis.)
JLgithaliscus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 90. (Type Parus erythrocephalus.)

Psaltriparus melanotis.

Parus melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216. — Pcecila melanotis, Bp.
Consp. 1850, 230. — ^githaUscus melanotis. Cab. Mus. Hein. I,
1850-51, 90. — Psaltria melanotis, Westekmann, Bijdrag. Dierk.
1851. — Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonap. C. R. XXXVIII, 1854.—
ScLATEE, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 386, pi.
liii, fig. 3.

Psaltriparus personatus, Bonap. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Psaltra
personaia, Westeemann, Bijd. Dierk. 1851, 16, plate.

Hab. Eastern Mexico.

Smith-

soaiau

No.

29,711

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Cayuilalpam, Mes.
Mexico.

"When

Collected.

Received from

A. Salle.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Psaltriparus minimus.

Parus minimus, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 190. — Aro. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 382, pi. 382, figs. 5, 6.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 160,
pi. 130. — Pcecila miniir.a, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230. — Psaltria minima,
Cassin, lUust. 1853; 20.— Psaltriparus minimus, Bon. C. R. XXXVIII,
1854, 62.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 397.— Cooper & Sucklet,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, II, 1859, 195.

Hah. Pacific coast of United States.

Smitb-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

6,758

336

rf

6.760

(^

12,895

V

29,745

1,191

22,417

40,844

d

Locality.

Ft. Steilacoom,W. T.
Sacramento Valley,
Napa Valley. [Cal.
Auburn, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
California.

When
Collected.

Received from

Dec. 10, '62.

Dr. Suck ley.
Lt. Williamson.
A. J. Grayson.
Ferd. Gruber.
J. Xantus.
Verreaux.

Collected by

Dr. Heermann.

Psaltriparus pluml>eus.

Psaltria plumhca, Baikp, Pr. A. N. S. VII, Jnne, 1854, 118 (Little Colo-
rado). — Psaltriparus plumheus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 398, pi.
xxxiii, fig. 2.— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 398, no. 77.

Hah. Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States.

PSALTRIPARUS — AURIPARUS.

85

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

Whoa

Collected.

Eouiaa
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

6,774

94

Camp 120, Arizona.

Feb. 12, '54.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

6,777

63

" 111,

Feb. 1, '54.

"

"

33,003

40

Little Colorado.

Nov. 1853.

"

i<

11,729

Cantonment Bur-
gwyn.

[son.
Dr. W. W. Auder-

6,770

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Dr. T. C. Henry.

(6,774.) Iris yellow. (6,777.) Iris black. (33,003.) Iris black.

AURIPARUS, Baird.
Auriparus, Baikd, n. g. (Type ^yithalus flaviceps, Sund.)

In the " Birds of North America," p. 399, while defining the generic
characters of Paroides, I showed that the ^githalus Jiaviceps, of
Sundevall, differed very materially from the P. j^^nduUnus, the type
of the genus. The discrepancy, in fact, is too great to permit the
two species to be associated, and I have consequently been obliged
to establish a new generic name. The peculiarities authorizing this
course will be found detailed in the work cited above. They con-
sist, as compared with other American forms, in the long pointed
quills, and the very small claws ; the tarsi are much shorter than
in Psaltriparus.

The single known species of the genus builds a covered nest of
stiff, short pieces of grass, with a hole in the side, in bushes. The
eggs are spotted, as in the Black-headed Titmice, not white, as in
Psaltriparus minimus.

Auriparus flaviceps.

jEgithalus flaviceps, Sundevall, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Forb. YII, v,
1850, 129.— Fsaltria flaviceps, Scl. P. Z. S. XXIV, March, 1856, 37.
— Psaltriparus flaviceps, Scl. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 13, no. 79. —

Paroides flaviceps, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 400, pi. , fig. 2.

Auriparus flaviceps, Baird.

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrexce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. May, 1851, 113, pi. v,
fig. 1 (Texas).

Eah. Valleys of tlie Rio Grande and Colorado : Cape St. Lucas.

This interesting species appears confined to the basins of the Rio
Grande and Gila, extending to Cape St. Lucas, where it is very
abundant. An immense number of its curiously shaped nests were
collected by Mr. Xantus. Cape St. Lucas specimens of this, as
of the other species, are much smaller than those from the more
northern localities : thus, in No. 12,967, %, the wing measures L90,

86

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

the tail 1.80 ; while in 6,T64 (%?), from El Paso, the wing is 2.15,
and the tail 2.25. The Cape St. Lucas specimens are brighter, and
the top of head just behind the forehead has the feathers strongly-
tinged with reddish-orange.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Eoniau
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Matamoras.

Lt. Couch.

Dr. Berlnndier.

6,774

84

El Paso, Mex.

Dec. 26, '54.

Maj. Emory.

J. H. Clark.

4,015

218

Saltillo, Mex.

Lt. Couch.

11,545

V

Fort Yuma, Cal.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Miillhausen.

11,546

"

"

"

12,967

11

d

Cape St. Lucas.

John Xantus.

12,968

72

d

Subfamily SITTING.

SITTA, LinNMVs.

Sitta, LiNN.s;i7S, Syst. Nat. 1735 and 1758, 115. (Type S. europaea.) —
Reiche^'bach, Handbuch, No. IX, 1853, 149. (Monograph of genus.)

Sitta carolinensis.

Sitta europaea, var. y, carolinensis, Gii. S. N. I, 1788, 440.

Sitta carolinensis, L.vth. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 262; also of all other Ame-
rican writers. — Reichenbach, Handbuch, Abt. II, 1853, 153, tab.
dxiii, figs. 3,563-4.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 374, pi. sxxiii,
fig. 4.— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 106.

Sitta melanocephala, Vieill. Gal. I, 1834, 171, pi. clxxi.

Other figures : Wilson, Am. Orn. I, pi. ii, fig. 3. — Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi.
152.— Ib. B. a. IV, pi. 247.

Hab. United States and the Provinces ; west to valley of the Missouri.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected

sonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

26,9.34

Nova Scotia.

W. G. Winton.

1,645

Carlisle, Pa.

July 11. '44.

S. F. Baird.

1,761

9

"

Jan. 1845.

"

28,9.54

1,004

Washington, D. C.

Oct 13, '60.

E. Coues.

29,952

602

V

"

Oct. 14, '61.

D. W. Prentiss.

30,996

115

rC

"

Oct. 28, '62.

C. E Schmidt.

29,785

V

Peoria, 111.

Bishop.

8,3.S7

62

0.

Independence, Mo.

June 6, '57.

W. M. Magraw.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

6,802

17

Fort Lpavenworth.

Dec. 24, '54.

Lt. Couch.

5,871

28

rT

East of Fort Riley.

June IS, '56.

Lt. Byan. [mond.

W. S. Wood.

5,871

Fort Riley, Kans.

Dr. W. A. Ham-

(1,645.) 6.08; 10.89; 3 68. (1,761.) 6 00; 11.25; 3.75. (28,954.) 5.90; 11.10; 3.40. (29,252.)
5.80; 10.90; 3.50. (30,996.) 6.00; 11.00.

Sitta aciileata.

Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.— Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 375, pi. xxxiii, fig. 3.

SITTA.

87

? Sitta carolinensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 1858, 300
(Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca).

Hab. Western and Middle United States, south to Cordova, Mex.

As remarked iu Birds N. Am., the odIj appreciable difference
between this species and the preceding is in the much slenderer bill.
The Mexican White-bellied Nuthatches seem to belong here rather
than to the carolinensis ; at least the specimens I have seen do so.
It is very difficult to express this difference appreciably ; but a com-
parison of large series from the two localities will readily illustrate
the fact as will the figures cited in B. N. A.

Mr. Sclater calls attention to the inferiority of size of his speci-
mens from Oaxaca ; this might be anticipated from their southern
locality as resident birds.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian

No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

21,948

590

d

Colville, W. T.

Mar. 1860.

A. Campbell.

George Gibbs.

21,949

601

Moogie R., W. T.

Aug. 1860.

"

Dr. Keunerly.

21,9.30

604

?

Kootenay R., W T.

"

"

"

6,S11

258

Ft. Steilacoorn,W.T.

Dr. Suckley.

16,185

274

d

Fort Crook, Cal.

Jno. Feilner.

22,083

80

"

D. F. Parkinson.

5,502

280

Petaluma, Cal.

E. Samuels.

6,806

Sau Francisco, Cal.

R. D. Cutts.

4,94-4

Sau Jose, Cal.

A. J. Grayson.

2.5,328

113

d

Fort Tejou, Cal.

June, 1857.

J. Xantus.

29,747

1,161

Auburn, Cal [Idah.

Dec. 1, '62.

Ferd Gruber.

18,423

12

W. of Fort Benton,

April, 1860.

Lt. MuUan.

Hildreth.

17,548

618

9

Bitterroot Valley.

"

J. Pearsall.

11,081

d

Fort Bridger, Utah.

May' 30.

C. Drexler.

19,228

166

d

Sheyenne River.

Oct. 29.

Capt. Raynolds.

Dr. Hayden.

11,731

Cantonment Bur-
gwyn, N. M.[Ariz.

Dr. Anderson.

12,102

d

San Francisco Mt.s.,

Oct. 14,' '52.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

6,807

26

100 miles west of
Albuquerque.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

13,673?

Xalapa, Mex.

P. L. Sclater.

R. M. D'Oca.

13,589

Mexico.

J. Gould.

Sitta canadensis.

Sitta canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 177.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,
pi. 108.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 248.— Reich. Haudb. Abt. II, 1853,
, 152, tab. dxiii, figs. 3,561-2.— Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 376.—

Sclater, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 91.
Sitta varia, WiLS. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 40, pi. ii.

Hab. Whole United States and British Provinces.

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soQiau

toi's

and

No.

No.

Age.

20,878

818

d

28,-409

13,190

d

11,608

6,937

ii

17,543

609

y

18,424

11,078

• •

^

8,840

5,280

rT

21,951

22,046

49

16,190

273

6,838

11,538

Locality.

East Bethel, Vt.
Carlisle, Pa.
Washington, D. C.
Upper Geoifjia.
Riceboio', Ga.
Selkirk Settlement.
Bitterroot Valley,

Rocky Mts.
W. of Fort Benton.
Fort Bi idger.
Black Hills.
Cedar Island, Mo.
Kooteuay R., W. T.
Rocky Mountains.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Sacramento Valley.
Fort Yuma, Cal.

When
Collected.

Received from

Oct. 19, '42.

Feb. 6, '60.
May 19, '58.
Sept. 30.

Apri'lii860.
Aug. 15, '60.

C. S. Paine.
S. F. Baird.
C. Drexler.
A Gerhardt.
Prof. Lpcoute.
Donald Guaa.

Lt. MuUan.

C. Drexler.
Lt. Warren.

A. Campbell.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Jno. Feilner.
Lt. Williamson.
Lt. Ives.

Collected by

J. Pearsall.
Hildreth.

Dr. Hayden.
George Gibbs.

Dr. Heermann.

MiJllhausen.

Sitta pusilla.

Sitta pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 263.— Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810,
105, pi. XV.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, pi. 125.— Ib. Birds Am. IV,
pi. 249.— Reich. Handb. 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,567-8.— Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 377.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 15.

Eab. South Atlantic — and Gulf States.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

3,086
2,399

Liberty Co., Ga.
Savannah, Ga.

1846.
1845.

S. F. Baird.

W. L. Jones.
Jos. Leconte.

Sitta pygmaea.

Sitta pygmsea. Vigors, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 25, pi. iv. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. V, 1839, pi. 415.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, pi. 250.— Reich. Handb.
1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,365-6.— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. VI,
IV, 1857, 79.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 378.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 93.

Hah. "Western and Middle United States ; soutli to Xalapa.

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When

Bonian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

6,840

Washington Terri-

Oct. 18.53.

Gov. I. I. Stevens.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

21,953

884

Kootenay Riv.[tory.

Mar. 20, '60.

A. Campbell.

Geo. Gibbs.

22,047

82

Bitterroot Valley.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

16,192

199

H-

Fort Crook, Cal.

Jno. Feilner.

21,448

"

D. F. Parkinson.

3,729

? Monterey, Cal. [Ar.

W. Hutton.

6,803

43

Sau Francisco Mts.,

Dec. 27, '53.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

11,7.30

Cantonment Biir-
[gwyu, N. M.

Dr. W. W. Ander-
[son.

CERTHIA. 89

Family CERTHIADJE.»

CERTHIA, LixN^rs.

Certhia, Linxjecs, Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 112. (Type C. familiaris.)
(See Reichenbach, Handbuch, I, ii, 1853, 256, for a monograph of the genus.)

Plumage soft and loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compressed ;
all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not overhung by feathers, linear,
with an incumbent thickened scale, as in Troglodytts. No rictal bristles, and
the loral and frontal feathers smooth, without bristly shafts. Tarsus scutel-
late anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which again is shorter than hind toe.
All claws very long, much curved and compressed ; outer lateral toe much the
longer; basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings
rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the feathers of which are much pointed
with stiffened shafts. Primaries ten ; 1st less than half the 2d.

Of the Certhiadse but one genus belongs to America — Certhia,
with its two recognized species. The characters above given include
both family and generic characters, derived from this one genus.
This is readily distinguished by the decurved, compressed bill ;
absence of notch and bristles ; exposed linear nostrils with incum-
bent scales ; connate middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, pointed
and stiffened tail feathers, etc.

Certtaiia americana.

Certhia familiaris, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70 (not the European

bird?) ; also of Wilsojt and Auditbox.
Certhia americana, Boxap. Comp. List, 1833. — Reich. Handb. I, 1853,

265, pi. dcxv, figs. 4,102-3.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 372.— Max.

Cab. Jour. 1858, 105.— Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii,

1859, 192.— Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 15, no. 94.

With much additional material to that used in preparing the article
on this species in the Birds N. Am., I find it still difficult to make
the specimens from western America different from eastern. The
bill is perhaps longer on an average, although single eastern speci-
mens may be found exhibiting the maximum condition in this respect.
The white of under parts appears purer, the light line over the eye

' See Reichenbach, Handbuch der Orn. I, ii, 1853.

90

REVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

more distinct ; the colors above possibly a little darker, with more
reddish.

The series at my command of the European G. familiaris is
not sufficiently large nor perfect enough to permit any very satis-
factory comparisons. The bill, however, appears longer and higher
than in eastern G. americana. The claws are longer, and the tail
shorter, not equalling the wings, instead of exceeding them. The
first quill is longer, its exposed portion being half that of the second,
instead of considerably less. The coloration is exceedingly similar;
the central light streaks of the feathers above are, however, less
distinct, being not so white, and more pervaded by the ferruginous.
The under parts are more ashy, and the rusty of the crissum perhaps
less prominent.

Gerthia costae is, in reality, more nearly related than G. familiaris
to our species in color and length of tail. This differs again in still
larger bill and claws, and in a purer white of the under parts. The
three, however, are so very closely related as almost to be entitled
to consideration as races of one species.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

827

r<

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 22, '42.

S. F. Baird.

1,337

V

"

Aprils, '44.

"

28,948

728

rT

Washington, D. C.

April 24, '60.

E. Coues.

29,947

109

V

"

Dec. 28, '59.

D. W. Prentiss.

32,283

rf

Liberty Co., Ga.

Jos. Leconte.

11,587

Red River Settlem't.

April 9.

D, Gunn.

20,920

Illinois. [Sound.

R. Keniiicott.

17,430

461

<f

Simiahmoo, Puget

Jan. 1860.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

7,155

Ft. Steilacoom, "

Dr Suckley.

16,174

174

rf

Fort Crook, Cal.

John Feilner.

22,090

67

"

D. F. Parkiuson.

12,323

^

Fort Tejon, Cal.

J. Xantus.

13,743

144

^

" [gwyn, N. M.

" [son.

11,314

V

Cantonment Bur-

Dr. W. W. Ander-

7,154

47

Pueblo Creek, N. M.

Jan. 22, '54.

Lt. Whipple.

Dr. Kennerly.

(827.) 5.40; 7.80; 2.60. (1,337.) 5.00; 7.60 ; 2.50. (28,948.) 5.30 ; 8.00; 2.50. (29,947.) 5.00 ;
7.30; 2.30. (32,283.) 5.50; 7.80; 2.70.

Certliia mexicana.

Certhia .mexicana, " Gloger, Handbucli," Reichenbach, Handbuch, I,
1853, 265, pi. dlxii, figs. 3,841-2.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,290;
1858, 297; 1859, 362, 372.— Is. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 95.— Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 373 (under C. americana), pi. Ixxxlii, fig. 2.

Hah. Mexico ; perhaps extending along the table lands into the U. States.

This species will be readily recognized on comparison with the
United States species by its much darker color above, and especially
the deeper shade of brown on the rump, and apparently its gi'eater

TROGLODYTID^.

91

extension up the back. The throat alone is white ; the remaining
under parts, the flanks especially, having an ashy brown tinge, not
noticed in the other species.

Smith-

sonian

No.

CoUec-

toi-'s
No.

Sex
and

Age.

LocaUty.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoHected by

8,176
13,688

Mexico.

J. Gould.

Family TROGLODYTID^E.

Rictal bristles wanting ; the loral feathers with bristly points ; the frontal
feathers generally not reaching to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not
covered by feathers, and generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill
usually without notch. Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, which is
graduated. Primaries ten, the first generally about half the second. Basal
joint of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the
whole of that of the outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a
little the longer. Tarsi scutellate.

The impossibility of defining any large group of animals, so as to
separate it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well under-
stood among naturalists ; and the Troglodytidse form no exception
to the rule. Some bear so close a resemblance to the Mocking
Thrushes as to have been combined with them ; while others again
exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies.*

' The genus Rhodinoctchia has, by most of our systematic writers, been
placed among the Dendmcolaptidx, and thus as not belonging to the Oscines
at all. Taking all this for granted, I deferred any investigation of the species
until I had finished the Oscines. A casual examination has, however, recently
convinced me that the genus is truly Oscine, and possibly one of the TrogJo-
ditidn. Dr. Sclater coincides in this view, and. is inclined to place it very
near Heleodytes. As it is now too late to iutroduce it in its proper place, I
defer further consideration of the subject to the Appendix, and merely give
the principal synonyms : —

Rhodinocichla rosea.

Furiian'iis rosens, Le.=sox, 111. Zool. pi. v. — Rhndinociclda rosea, IIartl.
Cab. Juur. 1853, 33.— Scl. Pr. 1855, 141 ; 184G, 140.— In. Catal.

92 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

The structure of the feet, however, as far as my observations
extend, furnishes a good character for limiting the family, and espe-
cially of distinguishing it from the Turdidse. In the latter the basal
joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the middle toe ; sometimes
only a part of it and the inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so
as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. la
the Troglodi/tidas, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its
basal joint to the middle toe ; sometimes by the whole of this joint,
and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into
this union, instead of the basal only. In addition to this character,
the open exposed nostrils, the usually lengthened bill, the generally
equal lateral toes, the short rounded wings, the graduated tail, etc.,
furnish points of distinction. In the skins before me there appear
to be considerable ditferences in the structure and appearance of
the nostrils, which may serve to aid in defining the genera with con-
siderable precision. The exact characters, of course, cannot be very
readily ascertained from dried specimens, and I may have erred in
the interpretation of the appearances presented ; although a careful
examination of a large number of representatives of the species has
been made. All the forms agree pretty well in the character of the
wings and tail, which differ in relative size and in shape less than
in most families ; the feet are quite similar, and the bills only
moderately varied ; so that, without an examination of the nostrils,
it would be difficult to establish intelligibly some of the genera.

In general there is a thin, vertical, imperforate septum in the
median plane of the nose, separating the nasal cavities of opposite
sides. Some skins of Campylorhynchus exhibit an aperture in this
septum, but I am unable to satisfy myself that this has not been
caused artificially by passing a string through the nostrils to fasten
the two jaws together. Besides this, however, there is what may
be called the lateral septum (a modification of the turbinated bones
of the nose) on either side of the median, which either projects a
short distance into the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, with a
nearly vertical edge (seen in Tfiryothorus) , or is continued along

1861, 147, no. 891.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 292.— Cad.
& Hein. M. H. II, 1859, 23.
TurJus vulpinus, Haktl. R. Zool. 1849, 276.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1850, 276, plate.

Originally described from Venezuela and Caraccas, Mr. Lawrence has
received it from the line of the Panama R. R., while the Smithsonian Insti-
tution possesses specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. A note liy Col. Gray-
son, attached to a Mazatlan skin, states that it is one of tlie sweetest singers
of that viciuitj, fully equal in this respect to any species of Thrush,

TROGLODYTID^. 93

the roof of the cavity to its upper anterior extremity, constantly
diminishing in depth (as in Thryophilua), or is carried still further
round to the lower anterior end, as in Salpinctes, where it is arched
outwards so as to be parallel with the external scale. This septum
is not noticeable iu the specimen of Heleodtjles before me ; in all
others where the nostrils are sufficiently open it is quite appreciable.
This lateral septum is sometimes vertical or parallel to the median
septum ; in Ginnicerthia, however, it is slightly revolute, showing a
free edge perpendicular to the median plane, which forms a low wall
dividing the oval nasal cavity into two parts, but not coming to the
surface. In Heterorhina this wall is higher, reaching the level of
the nostrils, but not adherent to the edges; while in Microcer cuius,
if the indications of the poor specimens of M. hamhla before me are
not misinterpreted, this septum is united to the edges, forming a
bridge separating two cavities.

In most forms of Troglodylidse the nostrils occupy the lower side
of the nasal groove, and are more or less elongated, and overhung
by a valvular convex or vaulted projection of the nasal membrane,
which is thickened and rounded at the edges. This varies in de-
velopment, least in Campylorhynchus, more distinct in TJiryoihorus ;
while in Pheugopedius, it seems almost to close the aperture. In
Thryophilus, however, this scale-like projection appears to be
entirely wanting, leaving the nasal cavity broadly open, and the
lateral cavity much exposed. In Heleodytes, and in some forms of
Campylorhynchus, the nasal aperture, as in Donacohius, has its
anterior half resting in the end of the nasal groove, bordered only
behind and by thin membrane only, and with no lateral septum visi-
ble. In Cyphorinus, the nostril is small, circular, and entirely sur-
rounded by membrane. In the others, it rests against the lower
side of the nasal groove at its anterior extremity, with membrane
above and behind it only.

The bill, in most species, is long, slender, subulate, and decurved ;
in Ginnicerthia, it is more conical. It is generally without notch
at the end, except in Cyphorinus, Microcer cuius, Heterorhina, and
TJiryophilus. The feathers of the forehead do not come as far for-
ward as the nostrils, as a general rule.

The lateral toes are about equal, the outer very little the longer ;
in Salpinctes and Catherpes, however, the discrepancy is very
marked. In Heleodytes the tarsus is as short as the middle toe, or
shorter ; in all others it is longer, generally considerably so. The
legs are very stout in Heleodytes, Campylorhynchus, and Ginnicer-
thia ; in the others they are more slender.

94 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I,

Contrary to the opinions of most Ornithologists, I have placed
the genus Donacohius among the Thrushes, rather than the Wrens :
the reasons for this are given on page 58.

With these preliminary general remarks, I proceed to present a
brief synopsis of the genera and subgenera of American Troglody-
tidee, which, however artificial, may serve to aid in their determina-
tion. The fuller characters will be found detailed under each genus : —

A. Nostrils broadly oval, not overhung ; anterior half rest-

ing in the end of the nasal groove ; no lateral septum
visible. Bill not notched. Tarsi as short as midde toe
and claw. Legs stout ....... Heleodytes.

B. Nostrils quite broadly oval, without distinct lateral sep-

tum, this being concealed by the narrow scale which.
margins the nostril above. Bill not notched. Legs
stout ; claws strong, much curved ; tarsus longer than
middle toe and claw. Tail about equal to wings . . Campylorhynchits.

C. Bill slender, not notched. Nostrils elongated, in lower

side of nasal groove, overhung by an arched portion of
nasal membrane, thickened, with rounded edges. Inner
lateral toe considerably shorter than outer.

a. Inner lateral toe equal to hind toe. Lateral plates

along posterior half of tarsi divided into smaller

ones ......... Salpinctes.

b. Inner lateral toe considerably shorter than hind

toe. Plates of posterior half of tarsus continuous,

or not divided into smaller ones . . . Catherpes.

D. Nostrils broadly oval, divided by a low wall perpendicu-

lar to the median nasal septum, but not coming to
the surface ; bordered above by scarcely thickened
membrane, placed in end of nasal groove. Legs very
stout. Bill short, broad at base, without notch. Cul-
men much curved. Tail much graduated, about equal
to the wings ........ Cinnicerthia.

E. Bill distinctly notched at end (not notched in any other

Ti'oglodytidce),

a. Bill distinctly notched, very high, and much com-

pressed. Nostrils small, truly circular, opening
in the middle of the nasal membrane. Tail much
shorter than (about two-thirds) the wings . . Cyphorinus.

b. Bill distinctly notched, quite high and compressed.

Nostrils apparently double, the single aperture
being divided by a bridge. Tail scarcely more
than half the wings ..... Microcerculus.

c. Bill faintly notched, scarcely higher than broad at

the base. Nostrils broadly oval, with membrane
above, but no thickened scale ; divided by a
septum coming to the surface, which, however,

HELE0DYTE8. 95

does not form a bridge. Tail about two-thirds

the wings Heterorhina.

d. Nostrils broadly open, and exposed ; not overhung
by a scale, and showing a lateral vertical septum
extended forwards above ; anterior half in the
end of nasal groove. Bill distinctly notched.
Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw. Tail
about equal to the wings . . . ' . . Thryophilus.
F. Bill not notched, slender, or very deep. Nostrils linear,
on lower edge of nasal groove, and overhung, sometimes
concealed, by an arched or vaulted thickened mem-
brane with rounded edges. Lateral toes about equal.

a. Bill very stout and deep, as long as the head ;

height about one-third the length above. Wings

about equal to the tail ..... Pheugopedius.

b. Bill slender. Tail about equal to the wings, or, if

shorter, only moderately graduated (outer at
least four-fifths of central). Hind claw shorter
than the rest of the toe. A lateral nasal septum,
vertical and projecting into the posterior portion
of the nasal cavity.

1. Bill as long as the head. Tail feathers
broad, about as long as the wings.

Tail equal to the wings .... Thryothorns.
Tail longer than the wings . . . Thryomanes.

2. Bill shorter than the head. Tail feathers
narrow. Colors plain.

Tail equal to the wings .... Hylemathrous.
Tail shorter than the wings • . . . Troglodytes.

c. Bill slender. Tail shorter than the wings, very

much graduated. Lateral feathers about two-
thirds the central. Hind claw as long as rest of
toe.

1. Bill as long as the head. Hind claw longer

than rest of toe ...... Telmatodytes.

2. Bill shorter than the head. Hind claw

equal to the rest of the toe .... Cistothorus.

HELEODYTES, Cabanis.
Eeleodytes, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 80. (Type Furnarius griseus, Sw.)

Bill longer than head, without notch or rictal bristles. Nostrils broadly
oval, in the anterior extremity of nasal groove, bordered behind by a naked
membrane as in Donacobius. Commissure curved gently, not angulated ;
gonys straight. "Wings about length of tail. First primary considerably
more than half the longest ; second longer than secondaries. Tail moderately
graduated ; outer feather about five-sixths the middle ; outer web of exterior
feather about one-third the inner. Tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe.

Colors plain, without dark spots or bars.

9G REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Although the genus Heleodytes is not represented within the
region covered by the present review, I introduce a brief mention
of it with the view of completing the history of the family, as well
as of illustrating the peculiai'ities of the species of Campylorhynchi
having very similar nostrils. The relationships between the two
genera are very close, and it is almost a question whether they can
be separated trenchantly from each other. The specimen before me,
from Mr. Lawrence's collection, is from Bogota; and, as it may be
different from the species of Guiana and Yenezuela, I subjoin a brief
description.^

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, Spix.

Campi/lorhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 77. (Type C. scolopaceus,
Spix = Turdus variegatus, Gmel.)

Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch
or rictal bristles ; culmen and commissure curved ; gonys nearly straight.
Nostrils in the antero-inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal
feathers, with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryothorns ;
sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge along the upper side of
the nasal groove. Lateral septum not projecting below or anteriorly into the
nasal cavity, but concealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than
middle toe and claw ; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp ; middle
toe with basal joint adherent almost throughout. Wings and tail about
equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad. In
size the largest of the family.

' Heleodytes griseus.

Furnarius griseus, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 1838, 325 (2^ Centen.
No. 134), fig. 67, 6 (bill), Guiana. — Campylorhynchus griseus, Cab.
Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, III, 1848, 674. — Heleodytes griseus, Cab.
Mus. Hein. 1850, 80.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 16, no. 97.

Whole Tipper parts, including wings and tail, plain brown, without bars
or other markings, as also a line from behind the eye ; the nape and inter-
scapulum blackish-brown, the top of head lighter, the lower back and rump
reddish-brown. Entire under parts, including lining of wings, tibia, and a
broad line from bill over the eye, soiled white. All the tail feathers, except
the two central, with a broad subterminal bar of white, diminishing in width
from the outer feathers to the inner, but at the same distance from the tips.

Total length, 8.50 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 3.45 ; graduation, .45 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, fourth (measured from exposed
base of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, I.IG, from nostril,
.66; along gape, 1.26 ; tarsus, 1.10 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10 ; claw alone,
.30 ; hind toe and claw, .87 ; claw alone, .38.

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 9T

There are some points of difference in different groups of Cavipij-
lorhynchus in the character of the nostrils and some other features.
In the type, as remarked, the nasal scale is reduced to a mere ridge
on the upper side of the nasal groove — the cavity being oval. In
jocosus it is similar, with the cavity more linear. In megalopterus,
ornatus, hrunneicapillus, and their allies, the scale is more developed,
as in tropical Wrens. In G. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis, etc., the
nostril is more like Donacobius and Heleodytes, namely, at the an-
terior end of the nasal groove, bordered behind by membrane, and
not above. In these the tail is shorter and less graduated than in
the type. C. capistratus is placed by Cabanis under Heleodytes, on
account of its peculiarities of nostril ; it differs, however, in shorter
tail, shorter bill, weaker legs, and the middle toe shorter than the
tarsus, not longer.

The following table exhibits the peculiarities of the species before
me in reference to the nostrils : —

A. Nostrils rather linear, horizontal, in lower side of nasal groove, and over-

liung broadly by membrane thickened at edges : C hrunneicapillus, affinis,
pallescens, balteatus, megalopterus, zonatus, pardus.

B. Nostrils more oval, the overhanging membrane reduced to a ridge on upper

edge of nasal groove : C. variegatus, brevirostrisy zonatoides, jocosus (nostrils
more linear), albibrunneus.

C. Nostrils as in Heleodytes ; broadly oval or rounded, in anterior end of nasal

groove, with thin membrane behind : C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis.

The transition, however, from one to another form, is very gradual,
and it is quite difficult to say, in regard to some species, whether they
belong more properly to one section or to another. Without more
specimens therefore at my command, I prefer to consider all as
identical generically.

The following synopsis may aid in determining the Middle Ameri-
can species, and their nearest S. American allies, by their colors : —

A. Upper parts uniformly brown, without bands or spots.

Head and neck with whole under parts white . . C. albibrunneus.

B. Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown ; back

streaked longitudinally and linearly with white. All the
feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. Crissum and
flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Nostrils in-
ferior, linear, overhung by a scale.

a. Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than
elsewhere. Inner webs of 2d-5th tail feathers
(between middle and outer feathers) black, except
at tips ......... hrunneicapillus.

7 August, 1864.

98 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L

b. Spots on throat and jugulum little larger than else-
where. Inner webs of intermediate tail feathers
banded with white like the outer .... ajffinis.

C. Top of head nearly uniform yellowish-gray. Upper parts

and all the tail feathers banded transversely with
brownish-black and whitish. Rounded black spots on
the throat and breast.

a. Body beneath reddish-brown posteriorly, with
sparse rounded spots on belly and crissum ; gemi-
nate rounded spots on flanks ..... zonatus.

b. Body grayish-white beneath, and conspicuously
banded transversely everywhere posteriorly.

Wings longer than the tail ..... pallescens.
Wings shorter, or not longer than the tail . . halteatus.

D. Top of head with well defined streaks of whitish and

brown ; otherwise much as in two last species . . megalopterus.

E. Top of head and post-ocular stripe blackish. Tail feathers,

except the central, black, terminated broadly by soiled
white.

a. Nape rufous.

Interscapulum unicolor. Beneath entirely unspot-
ted (or unicolor), as are also the outer webs of the
intermediate tail feathers ..... capistratus.

Interscapular feathers banded with black spots,
separated by whitish streaks. Crissnm banded.
Outer webs of intermediate tail feathers banded
with whitish ....... rujinucha.

b. Nape streaked black and white, not rufous.
Beneath with conspicuous rounded black spots.

Crissum banded. Tail tipped with soiled white . jocosus.
Beneath plain whitish, immaculate. Tail without

white tips ........ nigriceps.

F. Top of head reddish-brown. Back with geminate black

spots, not with linear streaks. Bill very short. Nostrils
anterior, rounded, in end of nasal groove.

a. Post-ocular stripe reddish-brown. Beneath un-
spotted. Crissum banded. Exterior lateral tail
feather alone spotted on both webs . . . humilis.

b. Post-ocular stripe black ? Beneath with rounded
black spots. Two outer tail feathers spotted on both

webs ......... gularis.

Campylorliynclius albibrunneiis.

Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, IV, Jan. 1862, 10. — Ib. Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 18tJ2, no. 322 (Isthmus of Panama).
Not figured.

Hab. Line of Panama Railroad.

Head and neck all round and under parts, including lining of wings, pure
white ; rest of upper parts, with wings and tail, uniform liver brown. The

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

99

feathers of crissum are tinged with rusty, and with a central brownish streak.
Bill horn-color, lighter along the commissure and beneath. Legs light-brown.
Total length, 7.60 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.60 ; graduation, .82 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.32, of 2d, 2.20, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.60 ; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, 1.65 ;
along gape, 1.10; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .23;
hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

This species is quite closely allied to G. unicolor, of Lafresnaye,
which is pretty uniformly brown above, dirty white beneath, with a
few brownish spots on the crissum.

There is very little in the species to distinguish it gen&rically from
the type of Campylorhynchus.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

16,852

74

d

Frijole, P. R. E.
Panama R. K.

J. M'Leannan.
Cab. Lawrence.

(74.) Type.

Campylorliynchus t>riiniieicapillus.

Picolaptes brunneicapillus, Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. xlvii.
—Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1851, 114.— Cassin, Birds Cal. Tex.
1854, 156, pL XXV.— Heermann, J. A. N. So. II, 1853, 263.— C.
brunneicapillus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847, 159. — Bp. Consp. 1850, 223.
— ScL. P. A. N. S. 156, 264.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 355.—
Heermann, P. R. R. X, 1859, Williamson's Report Birds, 41 (nest-
ing). (E. of Tejon Pass, etc.)

Hah. Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from mouth of Rio
Grande to the valley of the Colorado ; San Diego. Replaced at Cape St. Lucas
by C. affinis,

I find it quite impossible to reconcile Lafresnaye's description of
G. hrunneicapillus, much less his figure with the North American
bird. This is described as having five white spots on the outer web
of the lateral tail feather, and three on the inner ; the next with
two on the outer and three on the inner web (perhaps three outer
and two inner) ; the third and fourth with marginal points instead
of spots.

This particular pattern of coloration I have not observed in any
specimens of our bird, and the spots are larger than as described,
although the markings of the tail vary a good deal. Lafresnaye,
however, describes the under parts as pale rufous from the upper
part of the breast to the tail (represented also in the plate), instead
of having this rufous confined to the abdominal region. The speci-

100

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

men described is said to have probably come from California, though
possibly from Peru.

I do not feel warranted in changing Lafresnaye's name, though
it will not be at all surprising to find that he had quite a different
species from the North American bird before him. It may be that
Gould's species guttatus belongs more particularly to the latter.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soniaa
No.

toi's
No.

and
Age.

7,148

..

3,966

7,149

7,150

31,894

173
776

i

d

Locality.

Ringgold Barracks,

Tex.
Monterey, Mex.
California.
Los Aupeles.
Saa Diego.

When
Collected.

April, 1853.
Mar. 2, '62.

Received from

Major Emory.

Lt. Couch.

Lt. Williamson.

Prof. Whitney.

Collected by

J. H. Clark.
Dr. Heermann.
Dr. Cooper.

(3,966.) Eyes reddish-yellow. 8.00 ; 10.75; 3.60. (31,894.) 8.00; 11.60; 3.75. Iris blood-red.

Caiupylorhynclius afiinis.

Campy} orhjnchis affinis, Xantcs, Pr. A. N. So. 1859, 298 (Cape St.
Lucas).— Baikd, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 303.— Scl. Catal. 1861, 17,
no. 108.
Not figured.
Hab. Only observed at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Cap of head reddish-brown ; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. Rest
of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with
broad central or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black ; the streaks
irregular in outline, on some feathers nearly linear, in others widening at
intervals along the shaft. Outer webs of the wing feathers crossed by about
seven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding series of more
circular ones on the inner web. Tail feathers black, all of them with a series
of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each
other, not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge ; the
extreme tips of the feathers black ; the two central feathers, however, more
like the back, with irregular mottling of grayish and black. Upper tail coverts
barred transversely with black.

Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly ; each feather
spotted with black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather
larger and more quadrate on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on the
sides of the feathers (on one or both sides) ; posteriorly, however, they are
elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along the shaft, one or two on each. On
the crissum they are large and much rounded, three or fcur on each longer
feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead color, pale at the base below ; " iris
reddish-brown." A broad white stripe from bill over the eye and nape,
edged above and below with black ; line behind the eye like the crown ; cheek
feathers white, edged with blackish.

Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends
of the feathers of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, difler ma-

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

101

terially, except in having the spots less distinct beneath ; the white streaks
less conspicuous above ; the white of the wings soiled with rufous. Speci-
mens vary considerably in the proportional as well as absolute thickness
and length of the bill; thus, No. 32,lfa"7 measures .80 from nostril to end
of bill, instead of .60, as given below for No. 12,965.

12,965. Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.40, its graduation .45; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, 1.42, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, or 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.45 ; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90;
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .76 ; claw alone, .35.

This species is most nearly allied to C. hrunneicapillus ; the most
apparent diifereuce at first sight being in the greater concentration
of black on the throat and jugulum in hrunneicapillus, and the much
smaller size of the remaining spots on the under parts, with the de-
cided light cinnamon of the posterior portion of the body. The outer
and central tail feathers alone are marked as in G. affinis, the inter-
mediate ones being entirely black, with the exception of a white
subterminal band.

This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the
isolated Fauna of Cape St. Lucas. Like nearly all the species
peculiar to this remarkable locality, it is exceedingly abundant,
breeding in immense numbers. It has not yet been detected else-
where, though it may possibly be found on the lower Colorado,

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

12,961

632

12,965

190

rf

12,963

6.-<6

V

16,959

1,463

Juv.

32,166

4,988

rf

32,167

d

Locality.

Cape St. Lucas.

When
Collected.

April 25, '60.
1861.

Received from

J. Xaatus.

Collected by

(12,963.) Iris reddish-brown.

Campylorbyuchus pallescens.

Cantpylorhyn chits pallescens, Lafkesnaye, Rev. Zool. 1846, 93 (Mexico) :

not of ScLATER (=C. haJteatus').
Campy! orhynchus megalopterux, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca) ;

1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 371 (Oaxaca).— In. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 105;

not of Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 264 (which is true megalopterus).

Hah. Southern Mexico.

(No. 13,659.) Body varied with brown and soiled white; no reddish. Top
of head brownish-ash, showing more or less the pure brown centres of the
feathers ; nape streaked with black and white ; rest of upper parts banded
transversely with soiled white and blackish in about thirteen or fourteen

102 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Dearly equal zones of each color from nape to end of tall coverts ; more obscure
posteriorly, and the white changing rather to light brownish-ash. Wings
blackish, with about five series of brownish-white spots extending over outer
webs ; quills edged internally (not spotted) with the same. Tail feathers
black, with about seven transverse light bands, narrower than their inter-
spaces ; whitish on the outer webs and edi:es of the inner ; sometimes obscured
and irregular medially ; most distinctly transverse on the lateral feathers, and
most obsolete on the inner webs of the central feathers. Beneath whitish ;
chin immaculate ; throat and jugulum first with large rounded, then cordate,
light-brown spots, which, on the breast, become transverse bands or zones
covering the remaining under parts to end of crissum ; more obsolete, with the
ground color soiled with brownish, on the middle of the belly : these bands
quite similar in size and proportion to those on the back. A white band from
bill over the eye to nape, with a brown one behind the eye ; sides of head
finely streaked with brownish.

(13,659.) Total length, 7.00 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.40 ; graduation, .60 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, 1.30, of 2d, 2.30, of longest, 4th (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 2.G5 ; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .53; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .82; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .80; claw alone, 37.

This species is veiy similar in markings and coloration of the
upper parts to C. zonatus ; the principal difference being in the
absence of the rufous tinge of the rump, a more distinctly banded
tail, and the inner edges of the quills being continuously edged with
brownish-white, not spotted with reddish-white. Beneath the differ-
ence is very strongly marked, in the continuous transverse bands on
the body : the absence of the reddish color of belly, flanks, and
crissum, etc. : the longer wings, and other peculiarities of proportion.

To G. zonatoides, of Bogota, the resemblance above is almost per-
fect, and beneath it is quite close ; the spots of black instead of pale
brown, absence of zones on flanks and crissum (although the spots
are transversely elongated), and the rufescence of the posterior region
of body will, however, distingui-sh them. G. zonatoides also lacks
the longitudinal streaking of blackish and white on the nape seen in
pallescens, megalopterus, and zonatus.

In the museum of the Philadelphia Academy I find specimens of
a Campi/lorhynchus, labelled " Picolaptes megalopterus, Lafr.,
Amerique Merid.," which agree perfectly with Lafresnaye's descrip-
tion, and are those referred to by Pr. Sclater, in his paper published
in Proceedings Phila. Academy, 1856, 264. These differ very
appreciably from the present species in having the light bands above
of a purer white and more sharply defined, the feathers of the hood
dark-brown, conspicuously streaked centrally with grayish-white
(with a reddish tinge on the occiput) ; the nape similar, the central

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

103

light stripe, however, wider and whiter. The under parts are very
similar. The bands on the tail are not so decidedly transverse, but an
edging of brown along the shafts often divides the light bar. In the
other species it is the concealed centres of the hood feathers that are
brown (showing only occasionally), with yellowish-gray edges. The
nape is much less conspicuously streaked. C. megalopterus is con-
siderably larger also, measuring 8.50 inches, the wing 3. TO, tail 3.90.
This may be a Mexican bird, as stated by Lafresnaye, but more
probably it is South American.

I am by no means decided as to what is the true name of this
Mexican species, after setting aside that of megalopterus. A
specimen in the Phila. Acad., from Guayaquil, and labelled "palles-
cens,''^ by Mr. Sclater, agrees very well with a Smithsonian skin
from Piura, Peru, No. 11,748. This differs from the Mexican bird
in a larger size, and in having a longer tail and shorter wings — tail
half an inch longer than the wings instead of being a little shorter
or not longer. The top of the head is purer gray, or with less of a
yellowish-red tinge ; the nuchal streaks much wider and more promi-
nent. The most striking differences, however, are in the proportions
above mentioned, as well as the very different geographical distri-
bution.

The question now remains as to which of these two species the
nauie pallescens should be applied. As, however, Lafresnaye, in
comparing pallescens with zonatus, says that it differs especially in
form from the latter by longer wings ; and as while the Mexican
bird has much longer wings than the South American, which are
just equal to those of zonatus, it seems proper to name the Mexican
bird pallescens, especially as Lafresnaye gives Mexico as the pre-
sumed locality of his species. The South American bird (the G.
pallescens of Sclater's Catal.) may then be called Campy lorhynchus
halteatus.

Campylorhynchus nuchalis is easily distinguished by smaller
size ; broader stripes on the neck, extending on the back ; the rounded
marginal white spots, not bands, on the tail, etc.

Smith- CoUec-

Boiiiaa tor's

No. 1 No.

Spx i

and 1 Locality.

Age. 1

When
Collected.

Received from

CoUected by

13,659
13.672
26,366

32,471

76
377

Xalapa, Max.

" [region.)
Orizaba. (Alpine

Dr. Sclater.

J. Krider.
Cab. Lawrence.
Prof. Sumichrast.

D'Oca.

104

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Campylorliyuclius zonatus.

Picolaptes zonatus, Lesson, Centurie Zoologique, Jan. 1831 (at end of
description), 210, pi. Ixx (erroneously " California"). — Campylo-
rhynchus zonatus, Gray, Genera, I, Mar. 1847. — Bonap. Consp. 1850,
223.— ScLATER, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.— Ib. P. Z. S. 1856, 290 ;

1859, 363.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 103.— Scl. & Salv. Ibis, II,

1860, 29 (Guatemala).

Hah. Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

Smith- i CoUec-

sonian 1 tor's

No. 1 No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

•When
Collected.

Received from CuUected by

18,569
30,870
20,397
30,e53

123

1,445

93

80

Mexico.
Mirador, Jlex.
Choctun, Vera Paz
Alotepeque, Guat.
Guatemala.

Jan. 1863.
Jan.iseo.
Dec. 1S62.

P. L. Sclater. F. Sumichrast.

Dr. C. Sartorius.

0. Salvin. j

" Salvin & Godman.
Cab. Lawrence.

(30,870) Iris brown.

Campylorhynclius capistratiis.

Picolaptes capistratus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, 174 (Realejo). — C. capis-
tratus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847.— Scl, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.— Is.
Catal. 1861, 17, no. Ill (in part).
Bah. Confined to Pacific coast region of Central America ?

(30,654.) Whole top of head and nape black. Sides of the lower neck and
dorsal surface of body uniform cinnamon red (darkest anteriorly), with the
upper tail coverts only obsoletely banded with blackish. On raising the
feathers, however, those on the lower part of the back are seen to be streaked
longitudinally with white, having the usual blackish suffusion externally.
Greater wing coverts and, to some extent, the scapulars, like the back, bui
with one or two pairs of rather obsolete rounded black spots, separated
obscurely by a pale shade of the ground color. Alular feathers black, edged
with whitish. Quills black, with five or six pale yellowish-red spots on the
outer webs ; internally edged irregularly with whitish. Innermost or exposed
secondaries with transverse dusky bars. Tail feathers black, broadly termi-
nated by white, which is much soiled with brownish at the end ; the lateral
feathers with quadrate white spots on the outer web ; the central feathers
black with rather narrow transverse bands of pale brownish.

Whole under parts uniform yellowish-white, without streaks or spots, soiled
with reddish behind ; throat purer white ; a conspicuous white line from
nostrils over eye to nape ; lores, and a broad line behind the eye, blackish ;
rest of cheeks white. Bill black ; the inferior edge of lower jaw at base
whitish. Legs dark plumbeous.

A second specimen, 29,428, is very similar, excepting in having concealed
spots on the dorsal feathers, similar to those described on the scapulars and
wing coverts of the preceding. The under parts are entirely immaculate.
This probably represents the spring plumage — the former the autumnal.

Young specimens not yet fully fledged, in the museum of the Philadelphia

CAMPYLORHTNCHUS.

105

Academy, from San Carlos and elsewhere, exhibit not the slightest trace of
spots or other markings on the under surface, and no longitudinal light streaks
on the back.

(30,654.) Total length, 6.00 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.65 ; graduation, .35 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, 1.10, of 2d, 1.60, of longest, 4th (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00; length of bill from forehead, .92, from
nostril, .56; along gape, 1.06; tarsus, 1.06; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .27 ; hind toe and claw, .70 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith- Collec-

snnian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,6.iJ 84
29,428

?

Savana Grande,Guat.
Punta Areuas, C. K.

1862.
May, 1863.

0. Salvin.
Capt. J. M. Dow.

Salvia & Godman.

Campylorliyiiclius rufiiiuclia.

C. rufinucha, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, 339 (Mexico). — Picolaptes rvjiimcha.
Less, Descr. 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz). — C. capistratus, Scl. P. Z. S.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).
Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico ?

I am unable to say whether the following references belong to ca-
pistratus or rufinucha : —

Picolaptes capistratus, DesMuks. Icon. Orn. pi. Ixiii. — Campylorhjnchus
capistratus, Sol. P. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).— Ib. Ibis, I, 1859, 9
(Honduras and Belize).

Authors have, I think, been mistaken in referring the Picolaptes
rufinucha, of Lafresnaye, from eastern Mexico, to the P. capistratus,
of Lesson, from, and apparently confined to the west coast of Central
America. The specimens before me are not in very good condition,
but they indicate, both in coloration and proportion, differences which
are not readily reconciled. In both species the whole top of the
head, with the line back and in front of the eye, are blackish. In
rufinucha, however, the exposed feathers of the back and scapulars
are streaked conspicuously with soiled whitish, with the blackish
external suffusion, the black sometimes forming large rounded spots
on each side the shaft. The spots on the wings are whitish, rather
than brownish-yellow. The tail feathers are black, broadly ended
with white, soiled at the end, but the outer webs of all (except the
two central), exhibit a series of six or seven quadrate white spots,
instead of being fewer in number and confined to the outer feather.
The under parts are soiled whitish ; each feather, as far as can be
ascertained, except perhaps the chin and throat, with two or three
very small spots, usually in pairs. The crissum shows conspicuously

106

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

three or four black bands on each feather — something similar being
seen on the tibiae. There is a small narrow black line along the
edge of the lower jaw. Nothing like these markings are visible in
the Smithsonian specimen of C. capistratus. The eyes are red,
according to Dr. Sartorius.

The differences in proportion are still more striking. The tail is
considerably longer, exceeding the wings ; and. the tarsus is much
shorter, being but little longer than the middle toe and claw. The
bill is rather longer. The first primary also longer.

Of the two specimens in the collection one has the feathers worn,
and is probably in summer dress. The other is moulting and in
autumnal livery, thus matching the two Central American skins of
capistratus.

Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.80 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
1.15, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
2.00; length of bill from forehead, .95, from nostril, .57; along gape, 1.05;
tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw,
.62; claw alone, .30.

Smith-

soniaa

No.

Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

28,041
30,869

Mirador, Mex.

Dr. Sartorius.

(30,869.) Eyes red.

Campylorliynclius jocostis.

C. jocosits, ScL. p. Z. S. 1859, 371 (Tehuacan, Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.

18G1, 17, no. 109.
Not figured.

Hab. State of Oaxaca, Mex.

(No. 22,381, type.) Bill lengthened. Upper part of head, line from bill to
eye, and a stripe behind it blackish-brown ; a little lighter towards the occi-
put. Upper parts grayish-brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars
white, with one or two pairs of large rounded blackish spots, separated by
whitish or white shaft streaks and shaft spots. On the nape the black and
white in streaks, rather than spots, predominate to the exclusion of the ground
color. Wings showing six or seven bands of brownish-white across outer
webs ; inner webs edged with grayish-white. Tail feathers (except central)
black above, broadly tipped with white, soiled at the end with brown ; the
outer webs with four or five quadrate spots of white ; the lateral feather with
a white patch at end of inner web, next to the terminal white. Markings of
central feathers much broken, without regular bands. Upper tail coverts
banded transversely. Beneath quite pure white, a little brownish behind,
and each feather, except on the chin, with a conspicuous but isolated rounded

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS.

107

spot of black, becoming a transverse bar on the flanks and crissnm. No
distinct bands on the thigh. Sides of head white except the post-ociilar
stripe, and another along the lower edge of the lower jaw. A white line from
bill over eye. Bill black, rather paler at the base below ; legs dark-brown.

Total length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 3.00 ; graduation, .41 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.26, of 2d, 1.90, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 2.20; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .69 ;
along gape, 1.16 ; tarsus, .94 ; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .21 ; hind
toe and claw, .68 ; claw alone, .31.

This species will be readily distinguished from its black-headed
allies by lacking the rufous and unstreaked nape, and by having
conspicuous black spots beneath. The bill is longer than in the rest
of its allies, and the shape of the nostril is somewhat different.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected

Received from

Collected by

22,38]

40,711

?

S. W. Mexico.

Verreaux.

Boucard?

(22,381.) Type.

Campylorliynchus humilis.

C. humilis, ScL. Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 263 (Mazatlan).
Hab. Both coasts of Mexico ? On west side north to Mazatlan.

(29,225.) Top of head and nape light brownish-red, the feathers anteriorly
pointed, and with conspicuous black centres. Back light grayish-red, the
feathers with rather irregular black spots in pairs on opposite sides of the
webs, with occasional much lighter intervals. The marking much as in C.
Tujinucha, but showing less of the linear streaks, except behind. Markings
generally of the wing, tail, and under parts much as in this species. Under
parts soiled brownish-white, purer anteriorly, with very obsolete indications
of transverse darker bars, and occasional spots on the flanks. Crissum dis-
tinctly banded with blackish, tibise less so. A conspicuous white line from
bill over eye along side of head edged above and below with black. A nar-
row dusky line from bill to eye, and a reddish-brown one behind it, streaked
on its edges with black ; sides of neck streaked with black, and a short black
line along lower edge of the lower jaw. Bill dark plumbeous black, paler at
the base below. Legs dusky.

Total length, 6.40 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.80 ; graduation, .40; exposed portion
of 1st primary, 1.06, of 2d, 1.65, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.95 ; length of bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .55 ; along
gape, .98; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .20; hind toe
and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .30.

This species is readily distinguished from C. cajnsfratus, rvfinucha,
Qxvdi jocosus, by the reddish head and post-ocular stripe. Its banded
crissum and the spots on the outer webs of the interior tail feathers

108

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

separate it from capistratus. It is less spotted beneath than ruji'
nucha. The bill is considerably shorter than in any of these species ;
the tarsi as short as in rufinuclia.

The specimens before me agree sufficiently well with the descrip-
tion by Dr. Sclater of G. humilis, based on a bird in the museum
of the Phila. Academy. Although No. 29,225 is larger than the type,
a skin received from Mr. Verreaux, 22,382, agrees more nearly with
it in this respect. A skin collected by Mr. Xantus, near Colima, and
belonging to the same region as the Mazatlan specimen, is undis-
tinguishable from the Orizaba skin, upon which the description above
given is based. In this the iris is said to be red-brown. In the
brown head and other characters, as well as the short bill and tarsi,
it is related to C. gularis, of Sclater, although this appears to pre-
sent other distinctive characters.

Note. — Since writing the preceding description, I have had the
opportunity of examining Mr. Sclater's type in the Phila. Academy,
from Mazatlan. The species appears to me the same, the type differ-
ing only in being of rather duller plumage above, the markings not
so well defined, and in having the bars of the crissum less distinct,
and externally reduced somewhat to a central spot. There are no
distinct spots on the flanks.

Smith-
sonian

Wo.

31,820
22,382
29,225

Collec-
tor's

No.

1,013

40,710

25

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Colima, Mex.

Mexico.

Orizaba.

June, 1863.

Received from

J. Xantus.
Verreaux.
F. Sumichrast.

Collected by

(31,820.) Iris red-brown.

The following species of Campylorhynchus 1 have not had the

opportunity of examining : —

«

CampylorliyilclllIS guttatlis, Lafr. R, Z. 1846, H.— Thryothorus
guttatus, Gould, Pr. Z. S. 1836, 89 (Mexico).

This species, which has not been referred to by recent writers,
belongs to the same section as C. hrunneicapillus, etc., with reddish-
brown head, and back striped longitudinally with white. The
throat and breast are said to be spotted with black, the abdomen
and sides with smaller spots of the same. Length, G.Y5 (probably
more) ; wings and tail three inches each. The description of the
tail is not very distinct ; but in several respects there is a close re-
lationship to C. hrunneicapillus, of Lafr., and it is not impossible
that it refers to the same species. If from Tamaulipas, like the

SALPINCTES. 109

Troglodytes leucogastra described by Mr. Gould on the same page,
it is certainly the same, as the C. brunneicapillus is the characteristic
species of that region of Mexico.

Campylorliynchus nigriceps, Sclatee, P, Z. S. 1860, 461. — Is.
Catal. 18, no. 112 (near Vera Cruz, Mex.).

This species has a black head and post-ocular stripe like capis-
tratus and rufinucha, but differs in the black nape like jocosus. The
back is reddish, barred transversely with black. The body is un-
spotted white beneath, reddish posteriorly ; the tail feathers black,
barred on the outer webs, and more obsoletely on the inner web of
the lateral, with fulvous, but without the white tips seen in the allies.

Campylorliyiicliiis gularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Mexico).

This is a very short-billed species, closely allied to G. humilis in
this respect, as well as in the reddish-brown head. The post-ocular
stripe, however, is said to be black, as well as a rictal one. The
tail is broadly tipped with white. The two lateral tail feathers have
large white spots on both webs (not on the outermost only). The
under part, except the throat, with round black spots ; in this also
differing from humilis.

SALPINCTES, Cab.

Salpinctes, Cab. Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 323. (Type Troglodytes
obsoletus, Sat.)

This genus is sufficiently characterized in the " Birds N". Am.," as
well as in the general synopsis of th« family in the preceding pages,
for my present purposes. It is, however, especially peculiar among
all its cognate genera by having the usual two continuous plates along
the posterior half of the inner and outer faces of the tarsus divided
transversely into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval
between them and the anterior scutellse. At the upper end of the
outer plate these divisions or lines of junction are obsolete, becoming
more distinct below, and near the inferior extremity the plates are
reduced to oval scales. The plate along the inner face is also divided
into two or three plates, sometimes more, usually less distinct than on
the outer. The posterior edge of the tarsus, instead of being sharp,
is usually, though not always, blunted, by the bending round of the
outer plate. The lateral toes are quite disproportionate in size, the
inner with its claw scarcely reaching beyond the end of the second

110

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

phalanx of the middle toe. The tail feathers are as iu Cather];)es,
broad and soft.

Salpiuctes obsoletus.

Troglodytes ohsoletus, Sat, Long's Exped. II, 1823, 4 (South Fork of
Platte).— AcD. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 360.— Ib. B. A. II, pi. 116.—
Newbekry, p. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 80.— Heermank, P. R. R.
Rep. X, 1859, 41. — Salpinctes ohsoletns, Cab. Wiegmann's Archiv,
1847, I, 323.— Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1859, 371 (Oaxaca).

^Troglodytes lutisfasciatus, Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 82.

Hub. Central regions of the United States, to Mexico. Cape St. Lucas. Not
recorded from Pacific slope.

Mexican specimens seem to differ in having the under tail coverts
more distinctly and broadly banded ; the outer primary half the
longest, instead of being considerably less than half My materials,
however (two skins), are not sufficient to decide whether these differ-
ences are characteristic, and accompanied by any others.

Toung birds, fully grown, differ from adults in the entire absence
of any marking on the under surface, not even on the crissum.

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas is decidedly smaller than the
more northern ones.

No specimens have been received from the Pacific slope of Cali-
fornia, excepting from Fort Tejon, which is near the dividing line.
Dr. Heermann speaks of its being common throughout California.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,837

rT

Fort Union, Dak.

July 8, '43.

S. F. Baird.

J, J. Audubon.

8,832

Blaclf Hills.

Sept. 19.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

11,07-t

V

F>>rt Bi-idger, Utah.

July 1.0, '58.

C. Drexler.

22,044

65

Hellsrate, Idah.

Aug. 22, '60.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

11,3.34

rf

Fort Defiance, N. M.

12,116

V

Saa Francisco Mts.

Oct. 9. '59.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

2-3, .367

1,090

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Nov. 29, '57.

J. Xantus.

32,169

2.SS2

V

Cape St. Lucas.

Jan. 1860.

23,383

40,722

rf

Mexico.

Verreaux.

22,387

40,723

V

CATHERPES, Baird.

Catherpes, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357. (Type Thryothorus mexi-
canus, SwAiNSON.)

This genus shares with Salpinctes the great inequality of the
lateral toes. The sides of the tarsi, however, as in all the Troglo-

CATHERPES — CINNICERTHIA.

Ill

dytidae, excepting Salpinctes, are covered with a continuous strip,
instead of being divided into small plates.

Catlierpes mexicanus.

Thryothorus viexicanus, SwAiNSON, Zool. HI. 2d series, I, 1829, pi. xi
(Real del Monte, Mex.). — Salpinctes mexicanus, Cab. Wiegm. Arch.
1847, I, 323.— ScLATEK, P. Z. S. 1857, 212; 1858, 297 (Oaxaca).—
Troglodytes mexicanus, Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. II, 1853, 63.
— Ib. p. R. R. Rep. X, 1859,41.— Cassin, Illust. Birds Cal. 1,1854,
173, pi. XXX. — Catherpes mexicanus, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 356.
— ScL. Catal. 1861, 18, no. 115.

^Troglodytes murarius, Light. Preis-Verzeicli. 1831, no. 80 {fide Cab.,
speaks of light-blue tail !).

Thryothorus guttutus, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, 99 (Mexico).

Certhia alhifrons, Gtikaud, Texas Birds, 1841, pi. viii (N. E. Mexico).
Ilah. Central region of North America, from boundary of United States
southward into Mexico. Oaxaca. Extends up valley of Colorado.

There is a very great difference in the length of the bill in different
specimens of this species. The longest (20,871) measures .75 from
nostril, and 1.15 from gape; while in another the bill is .15 shorter.

I have not seen specimens of this bird from any point west of
Fort Tejon, although it is said to occur in the Sacramento Valley.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,116

66

3,969

17.1

^

31,821

2,040

20,871

26

Locality.

Fort Tejon, Cal.
New Mexico.
New Leou, Mex.
Rio Coahuayana,
Mirador. [Colima.

When
Collected.

Feb. 4, '54.

Sept. 1863.
Oct. 1862.

Received from

J. Xantus.
Lt. Whipple.
Lt. Couch.
J. X:intus.
Dr. Sartorins.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

(3,969) Eyes dark-brown. (31,821.) Iris brown.

CINNICERTHIA, Lesson.

Cinnicerthia, "Lesson, 1S44," Gray. (Type Limnornis unirufus, Lafr.)
Presbys, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1, 1850, 80. (Type P. canj/>ons = preceding?)

Bill short, conical, high at base, not notched at tip. Culmen much curved.
Nostrils in anterior extremity of nasal groove ; broadly open and oval, but
with a narrow membrane above. Internal lateral septum apparently revolute,
so as to be perpendicular to the central septum, its exposed edge crossing
the nasal aperture obliquely forwards. Legs very stout ; hind toe and claw
nearly as long as the middle, which are much shorter than tarsus. Wings
about equal to the much graduated tail. Plumage Wren-like ; uniform brown,
with dusky lines on wings and tail.

I introduce the diagnosis of the genus merely to complete the

112 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

history of the family, as no species belong to Middle or North
America. I quote the date of the genus from Gray, not knowing
where it is described, unless it be in the Desc. Mamm. et d'Ois. of
Lesson, a book to which I have not access.

Two well established species are C. unirufa (Lafr.), Bogota, and
C. unibrunnea, Lafr., Ecuador, both of which I have had the oppor-
tunity of examining.

A young bird of G. unibrunnea differs from the adult in having
the anterior portion of body brown, instead of reddish ; the basal
portion of gape and lower jaw yellowish, not black.

CYPHORINUS, Cab.

Cyphorinus, Cabanis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1845-46, 183. (Type
C. thoracicas, Tscu. = Thryothorus modulator, D'Orb.)

Body short and stout. Tail rounded, very short, scarcely more than half
the wings, and falling short of the outstretched toes. First primary about
half the longest ; secondaries developed, nearly as long as the primaries.
Bill distinctly notched, but without rictal bristles ; about as long as the head ;
much compressed, and elevated at the base (greatest depth about one-third
length), where the culmen is angulated and quite sharp. The nostrils are
not in the anterior end of the nasal groove, but in the middle of the nasal
membrane against its upper edge, and forming a small, truly circular tubular
opening, surrounded by a low wall, the axis of the opening directed apparently
obliquely downwards (not horizontally). Legs well developed ; tarsi rather
longer than middle toe and claw ; Lateral toes equal, hind toe shorter than the
middle. Tarsi (J-scutellate, the scutellse not very distinct ; the sides of legs
in one plate. Outer lateral toe with basal joint, and half the next, adherent
to basal joint of middle toe ; inner lateral with half its basal joint similarly
adherent ; or, to expr«^ss the relation otherwise, the whole outer edge of basal
joint of middle toe, and half the inner, adherent to the lateral toes.

I have not the opportunity of examining the species upon which
the genus was based by Cabanis, but have selected a near ally, C.
lawrencii, Scl., as probably having the same peculiarities. The
genus is a very remarkable one, and not easily mistaken for any
other, on account of the characteristics of the circular nostrils sur-
rounded by membrane, etc.

The genus Cyphorinus, as given by Dr. Sclater, includes two
subgenera — Cyphorinus and Microcerculus. I find, among his
species of Microcerculus, two quite strongly marked sections, of
which bambla and prostheleucus are respectively the types, and for
the latter I propose the name of Heterorhina. A larger number of
specimens will be required to decide as to the permanence and value
of the characters which appear to present themselves in the skins

MICROCERCULUS.

113

before mc, and to determine wlKsther tlie sections sliall be considered
as of generic or merely subgeneric importance. For the present it
will be more convenient to consider them as genera.

Cypliorimis laiirencii.

Cyphorimis cantans, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 203 (not of Cabanis).
Cyphorinus lawrencii, ScL. MSS. Lawkesce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 18*J3,
no. 373.

Ilab. Isthmus of Panama.

Above reddish-olive, the feathers very ohsoletely, almost unappreciahly,
streaked and waved with dusky. Exposed surface of wing and tail barred
distinctly with black. Feathers of forehead tinged with reddish at base.
Chin, ears, throat, and upper part of jugulum brownish-red; rest of under
parts grayish-olive, tinged on the sides and crissum with rufous. Lining of
wing like throat, but paler.- The angle of the chin and the side of the lower
jaw dusky. A female specimen is similar, but smaller, and lighter on the
middle of the belly.

Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 1,55 ; length of bill from forehead, .90,
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.04; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .93;
hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35.

This species was first referred by Mr. Lawrence to C. cantans (:=
viusicus), but on sending specimens to Dr. Sclater, this gentleman
decided them to belong to a new species which he named C. law-
rencii. C. musicus (Cayenne) differs in having the breast and belly
yellowish-white ; the ears streaked with black and white (13ur-
meister). G. modulator (Peru, etc.) is more like it, but much larger,
and has the rufous of throat extending further down the body, and
passing into whitish.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Buniaa

tor"s

and

No.

No.
87

Age.

rf

••

87

V

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from Collected by

Pauatna R. R.

Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Galb

(87.) Type.

MICROCERCULUS, Sclater.
Microcerculus, Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 19. (Type Tardus hambla, Bodd.)

General appearance of Cyphorinus, the tail still shorter, in type less than
half the wings, the feathers soft ; the end of outstretched tibia reaching the
tip of tail. Bill compressed ; the height about one-fourth the length ; culmen
nearly straight, not angulated or gibbous at base ; tip notched, quite abruptly
decurved. Nostrils aj)parently double, or with two openings on each side.
8 August, 1864.

114 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

I have not had the opportunity of examining the M. hambla —
type of the genus — and have taken the philomela, a near ally, as
the standard of reference. This has the general appearance of
Cyphorinus, but with- still shorter and more rudimentary tail ; a bill
less compressed, and elevated at base, and more decurved at tip ; the
wings more rounded. The most remarkable peculiarity is seen in
the nostrils, which, instead of being single, as is usual among birds,
are double, or with two openings. The specimens of 2^hilomela do
not show the characters very satisfactorily, but one opening is appa-
rently crescent-shaped, against the lower side of the nasal groove
near the anterior extremity ; the chord of the arc nearly parallel
with the commissure. The upper border of the aperture is thus
formed by a semi-lunar valvular scale, which may fit down close,
leaving only a free rounded aperture behind. Above the posterior
end of this opening is another one, shorter, more circular, and
against the upper edge of the nasal groove. The septum or bridge
between the two is narrow : sometimes reduced to a subjacent ridge,
in which case the nasal aperture appears single externally.

It is possible that I have misinterpreted the indications of the
specimens before me, and that the characters of the nostrils is suiii-
ciently like that in Cyphorinus not to authorize generic separation.

The species assigned by Sclater to Microcerculus, excepting C.
albigularis, which is a Pheugopjedius, form two sections: one with
hamhla as type, with tail soft and less than half the wings ; the bill
higher ; the culmen more elevated and nearly straight above. The
second with leucostictus as type : the tail firm, and two-thirds the
wing ; the bill still lower than in the last, and more Wren-like ; the
nostrils not so much doubly perforate, as with one large oval aper-
ture in the anterior extremity of nasal groove divided by a nearly
horizontal septum, which shows in the aperture without being
united to it, constituting a free septum rather than a bridge ; some-
times reaching up to the level of the aperture, and sometimes low
and inconspicuous. The tarsal scales are sometimes distinct on the
outer side, sometimes completely fused into one with the lateral
plates (leucophrys). To this second section, perhaps generic form,
I propose to give the name of Eeterorhina.

Microcerculus pliiloniela.

Ci/phorinu$ philomela, Salvia, P. Z. S. 1861, 202 (Guatemala).— ScL.
Catal. 1861, 358 {Microcerculus).— La.wr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII,
1862 ; Birds Panama, III, no. 311. — Cyphorinus bambla, Lawk. Ann.
N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no. 185 (iris brown).
Hab. Guatemala to Isthmus Panama.

HETERORHINA.

115

A specimen, apparently of this species, in Mr. Lawrence's collec-
tion, from Panama, differs from a type specimen and Mr. Salviti's
description in being entirely witiiout the fuliginous shade of tho
under parts ; these are grayish along the median region, obso-
letely varied with dusky ; the sides much like the back, the same
color tinging all the under parts of body. The blackish margins
of the dorsal feathers are scarcely or not at all appreciable ; the
spots on the coverts are very obsoletely indicated. It is probably
a more adult bird than as described by Mr. Salvin.

IT. philomela is said by Mr. Salvin to differ from 31. bambla iu
having the wing coverts spotted, instead of being banded Vv^ith white.
]\I. albigularis, of Sclater, is said to differ from both in the white
throat, and from philomela in the white bands of the wing.

Total length, 4.00 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.15 ; graduation, .33 ; exposed portion
of 1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4tli (measured from exposed base
of 1st primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .76, from nostril, .48,
along gape, .82; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .74; hind toe and claw,
.65 ; claw alone, .30.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoHec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. Col^ecled. Eeceived from

Collected by

30,660

101
68

?■

Vera Paz, Guat.
Panama.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Salvin &Godman.
M"Leaa. & Galb.

HETERORHINA, Baied,
Heterorhina, Baikd. (Tyi^e Scijtalupus prostheleucus, Sclater.)

In the introductory synopsis, and in the preceding remarks rela-
tive to Microcerculus, I have sufficiently indicated the characters
of this genus. The following synopsis may serve to distinguish the
allied species: — •

A. Back brownish-red ; head darker ; sides of head black,
spotted with white.

a. Throat pure white, continuous with pure white on

the breast and belly ; wing coverts spotted with
white,

1. Top of head reddish-brown, or like the back.

Breast and belly soiled white ; tarsus .84 . prosthdeuca.
Breast and belly pure white ; tarsus .90 . leucosticta.

2. Topof head black. (Specimen from the Napo.)

b. Feathers of throat white, edged with black ; breast

plumbeous ; coverts unspotted.

1. Top of head reddish or olive brownish; tarsus. 90 griseicollis.

2. Top of head black ; tarsus 1.00 . . . leucophrys.

116

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part

B. Back and top of head nearly uniform grayish-brown ; sides

of head whitish, varied with light-brown. Size very small pusilla.

Heterorliiiaa prostlieleiica.

ScijtaJopus prostheleur.us, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova). — Cyplio-
Tinus prostheleiicus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 64, 96; 1859, 363, 372
(Oasaca).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 20, no. 125.— Salvin, Ibis, II, 1860,
272 (Guatemala).

(28,042.) Above brown, passing into deeper rufous to the upper coverts,
and into reddish olivaceous on top of head. Chin and throat pure white,
passing into a duller white behind ; the sides of breast plumbeous ; sides of
belly, with the crissum, rufous brown like the rump. A distinct white line
from bill over eye to nape, bordered above by an obscure black band. All
the feathers of side of head and neck are black, with a rounded white spot
near the end ; there is quite a distinct black line from base of lower jaw
margining chin and throat ; the lores are black. The tail feathers and ex-
terior webs of secondary quills are rufous, with narrow black bars (these bars
narrower than the interspaces). The primaries black, with brownish-gray
spots along their outer edges (outermost edged continuously Kith gray). The
greater and middle wing coverts are blackish, many of them with a small
white spot near their tips. The bill is black ; legs brown.

Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 1.60 ; exposed portion of Ist primary,
.85, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70 ;
length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .44, along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .84 ;
middle toe and claw, .70 ; hind toe and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .27.

Ill No. 28,042, one of the tail feathers is entirely white, and there
is a white feather on the scapulars ; this, however, is evidently
abnormal.

Other specimens, from Mexico and (jruatemala, are similar, but
vary somewhat in the degree of purity of white beneath, and in the
shade of rufous above. One (91, Lawrence collection) has the black"
band margining the top of head wider, so as to leave only a small
central interspace of brown. This specimen, too, has the bill longer
than in others.

Smith-

souiau

No.

CoUec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and
Age.

20,339
22,389
28,042

1,431

27
91

d

Locality.

Choctum, Vera Paz.
Mexico.
Mirador, Mex.
Guatemala.

When
CoUected.

Received from

O. Salvin.
Verreaux.
Dr. C. Savtorius.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

HETERORHINA.

in

Heterorlaiiia lewcosticta.

Ci/phorinus leucostictus, Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 206 (Guiana and
Mexico). — ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 63, 9G. — Lawkence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. VII, 1861, 320 (Panama).
Hab. Isthmus of Panama, to Guiana and Ecuador.

A specimen from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence's collection, labelled
C. leucostictus, has the breast and belly pure white like the throat,
and the white spots on side of head larger. The size is considerably
less than in prostheleucus, while the tarsi are longer. The shoulders
are less spotted with white.

Another specimen from the Napo (32,693), labelled C. leucostictus,
differs from the last in having a longer, slenderer bill. The whole
top of head is black ; the black bars on the inner or superior secon-
daries are quite obsolete, those on the outer webs of the exterior
ones being changed to dentations. The spotting of the shoulders is
restricted to the alular feathers and edge of the shoulders.

Cabanis, in his description of G. leucostictus, gives Guiana and
Mexico as localities, thus refeiTing also to C. prostheleucus. The
small size of the specimen described, and the whiteness of all the
under parts, would appear to show that the description was based
on the Guiana specimen.

(No. 90, from Panama.) Total length, 3.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 1.30 ; exposed
portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .67, from
nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, 90; middle toe and claw, .73 ; hind toe
and claw, .62.

(No. 32,693, from the Napo.) Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.30;
length of hill from forehead, .73, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ; tarsus,
.91 ; middle toe and claw, .76.

Smith-
Eoaian

No.

CoUec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

32,693

3 1, 92.1
90

d

Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Panama R. R.

Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

Heterorliiiia griseicollis.

Merulaxis griseicollis, Lafeesxaye, Ptev. Zool. 1840, 103 (Bogota). —
Cyphorinus griseicollis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1860, 64 (Ecuador).
Hab. Ecuador ; Bogota ; Guatemala to Mexico ?

(30,658.) Above reddish-brown, with the top of head and nape grayish-
olive. Chin and upper part of throat white, passing insensibly into plumbeous
gray on the remaining under parts, excepting sides of belly and crissum, which
are reddish-brown like rump. A distinct white line from bill over eye to nape,

118

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

witli a suffusion of black above it on each side of the vertex. Cheek feathers
white, narrowly edged all round with black ; lores and stripe behind eye black.
A black line on each side the chin and upper part of the throat, all the feathers
of which are faintly and inconspicuously edged with black. Exposed surfaces
of secondaries like back, with obscure transverse lines of black, still more
indistinctly seen on the greater coverts. Tail feathers similarly marked.
IS'o white spots on the coverts, and but faint indications on the alular feathers.

The grayish feathers of the belly have generally a lighter tip, or obscure
terminal light spot ; sometimes with a faint appearance of broad bars of
whitish and gray.

Total. length, 4.00; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 1.30; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.87, of 2d, 1.33 ; length of bill from forehead. .65, from nostril, .40, along gape,
.75 ; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .7(3 ; hind toe and claw, .tii.

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, from Guatemala, differs
in a mucli deeper and more purplish rufous on the back.

Specimens from Mexico are similar, but differ in having the top
of the head and nape reddish-brown, similar to the back, only a shade
lighter, instead of olive-gray. Should this be constant, as a geo-
graphical difference, the Mexican form will be entitled to a distinctive
■name. None of the specimens agree very well with the description
by Lafresnaye of his Merulaxis griseicollis, and may all be really
distinct, especially in view of the widely different loealities.

This species, with a close resemblance to prodheleucus and leu-
costictus, may be readily recognized by the plumbeous ashy under
parts, the narrow, scarcely appreciable black edgings of the throat
feathers, the absence of white spots on the wing coverts, etc. The
bill is smaller and more slender.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

souiani tor's

aaJ

No.

No.

Age.

26,369

22,389

37,661

d

30,658 13.)

92

Locality.

Xalapa, Mex.

[Guat.

Volcaii de Fuego,
Guatemala.

When
Collected.

Received from

J. Krider.
Verreaux.
Cab. Lawrence
0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

D'Oca.

Salvin & Godm.

(22,389.) " C. prostheltucus."

IleterorBiina lewcoplirys.

Troglodytes leucopkrys, Tschudi, Conspectus Fauna Peruana. — CijpJw-
rinus leucophrys, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, 206. — Sclatek, Catal.
1861, 19, no. 123.

Troglodytes giittatiis, Haktl. Verz. Mus. Brem. 1844, 28.

Hab. Peru to Costa Rica ?

(30,486.) Above dark rufous brown, brightest towards the rump; top of
head dusky blackish, the feathers obscurely sullused at the ends with olivace-

HETERORIIINA.

119

ous. A white line from bill over the eye along nape ; lores, and a stripe back
of tlie eye, black ; all other feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat, white,
narrowly bordered with black. Jugulum dark ashy, middle of breast paler ;
whole sides of body from and including axillars, the posterior part of belly,
anal region, and crissum, dark rufous cinnamon. Exposed surface of secon-
daries and tail feathers rufous, with transverse dark lines ; primaries similar,
externally dentated with black and rufous. Bars on tail much broken up.
Ko spots on the coverts ; the alular feathers and bend of wing streaked with
yellowish-brown.

Total length of skin, 4.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.55 ; exposed portion of 1st
primary, .91, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .45,
along gape, .81 ; tarsus, .98 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .67 ;
claw alone, .32.

This species is readily distinguished from H. leucosticta and
prostJieleuca, by its ashy jugulum, want of spots on the coverts,
and streaked throat. From them and griseicolb's it differs in larger
size, much greater extent of rufous on the sides and anal region,
darker head, etc. The feathers of chin and throat are edged much
more conspicuously with black than in H. griseicollis. The outer
face of the tarsus forms one continuous plate without division or
groove of any kind.

I refer this species to the C. leucoplirys of Tschudi, although the
locality of the specimen is much farther north than heretofore given,
and the bird has not been recorded from Panama. As I have not
seen a South American specimen, it is possible that a careful com-
parison may reveal a specific difference.

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

30,486

80

Locality.

When
Collected.

San Jose, Costa Rica.

Received from

Dr. V. Frantzius.

CoUected by

Heterorliina piisilla.

Cyphorinus pusillus, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 20, no. 126.
Hab. Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

Of this diminutive species, which differs considerably in appear-
ance from its allies, the only specimen before me is somewhat de-
fective, especially about the bill, so that I am unable to say how
closely it agrees, if at all, with the other Heterorhinse in their peculi-
arities. The upper parts are of a grayish-brown, rather brighter
behind ; the wings and tail obsoletely marked with transverse dark
lines. A line from bill over eye, and under parts dull white ; the

120

BEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

flanks, anal region, and crissum somewhat like the back, but paler ;
the sides of the breast tinged with plumbeous. Length, 3.50 ;
wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.35.

Smith-
soaiau

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

CoUectod by

22,386

40,727

d

Mexico (Oaxaca?)

Verreaux.

(22,386.) Type.

THRYOTHORUS, Vieill.

Thryothorus, Vieillot, Aualyse, 1816, 45. (Type Troglodytes arundl-
naceus, " Troglodyte des Roseaux," Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807,
55 = Sylvia ludoviciana, Lath.)

Bill compressed, rather slender ; height about one-fonrth the length above.
Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout ; gonys straight ; tip very
obsoletely notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of nnterior extremity of the
nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, overhung by a stiff scale-like roof of the
thickened membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, the crescentic
edge rounded. The septum of nostrils imperforate ; the posterior part of the
nasal cavity with a short septum projecting into it parallel with the central,
not perpendicular as in Microcercidus. Wings and tail about equal, the latter
moderately rounded ; the first primary more than half the second, about half
the longest. Tarsi rather short, scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior
scutellae distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral
toes equal.

The type of the genus, as established by Yieillot, is his Troglo-
dytes arundinaceus, by G. R. Gray and others referred to the Cisto-
tJiorus palustris, but while the account of the nidification and general
habit applies best to the latter, the description and figure unquestion-
ably relate to T. ludovicianus. (See also Baird, Birds N. Am.
1858, 359.)

As remarked elsewhere, the Wrens formerly included in the genus
Thryothorus are found to embrace several distinct groups character-
ized by the form of the nostrils, and to some extent by the shape of the
bill and the degree to which this is notched at the tip. As restricted,
the species of Thryothorus, characterized by the linear nostrils
moderately overhung by a thickened scale, all belong to North
America, and constitute two sections: one with T. ludovicianus as
type; the other (Thryomanes, Sclater) with slenderer, longer bill,
and the tail longer than the wings, its feathers broader, best repre-
sented by beivickii. The other divisions — Pheugopedius and Tliryo-
philus — are peculiar to Middle and South Ar:erica.

THRYOTHORUS.

121

The characters of these two divisions will be found detailed in
the introductory remarks, and under their respective heads. Troglo-
dytes, with its two sections, is very closely related to Thryothorus,
as restricted, so much so that it is very difficult to draw the line.
The supposed differences referred to by many authors resulted from
the comparison of Troglodytes with Thryophilus, rather than with
true Thryothorus.

In the following synopsis I present an artificial key to the species
of Tliryothorus, Pheugopedius, and Thryophilus, found in North
and Middle America, with their nearest South American allies, and
based entirely on color and markings. T. pleurostictus I know only
by description, and may not have worked it in properl}^. A more
natural arrangement, based upon the peculiarities of structure, fol-
lows the first.

Synopsis of Species.
A. Head above and back of much the same color.

a. Crissum barred transversely ; rest of under parts
spotted or banded conspicuously with black (ex-
cept in felix) .

1. Outside of wings banded ; head like the

back.
a. Throat white ; rest of under parts black,

finely banded with white . . . fasciato-ventris.
0. Under parts pure white ; sides from

neck to crissum banded with black . pleurostictus.

2. Outside of wings plain ; head more rufous

than the back. Sides of head and neck
white, conspicuously streaked with black ;
wings longer than tail, except in felix.
a. Beneath white, spotted with black from

chin to belly. Flanks rusty . . maculipectus. '
a. Chin and upper throat black, spotted
with white ; rest of under parts plain

rufous rutilus.

y. Beneath whitish, unspotted ; on sides
brown. Upper tail covert barred. Tail
longer than the wings .... felix.
h. Crissum barred transversely ; rest of under parts
plain.

1. Upper tail coverts and exposed surface of
wings barred.

a. Tail feathers reddish-brown, barred
with black. Greater wing coverts spot-
ted with whitish.

1. Beneath rusty white . . , ludovicianus.

2. Beneath rusty brown . . . berlandieri.

122

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

0. Tail feathers, except central, black ;
the exposed surface and tips only varied
with, white.

1. Bill and legs very stout, the former
longer than the head. Wings longer
than tail. A concealed nuchal half
collar of white streaks.

Color much as in T. beioichii, but
whiter beneath. Outside of
wings very obsoletely banded

2. Bill and legs more slender ; some-
times the bill shorter than head.
Tail longer than the wings. No con-
cealed nuchal half collar.

Above dark rufous brown ; be-
neath plumbeous white ; flanks
tinged with brown. Rump and
exposed secondaries distinctly
banded. Quills and middle
tail feathers brownish-black .
Above ashy-brown ; beneath, in-
cluding flanks, clear white ;
rump ashy, and, like seconda-
ries, very obsoletely barred.
Quills and middle tail feathers
grayish-brown
Colors intermediate between the
two last. Bill longer, from
nostril, .50, from gape .81, in-
stead of .39 and .70
2. Exposed surface of wings barred ; upper tail
coverts not barred. Beneath white. Tail
feathers reddish-brown, banded with black,
except in petcnicus.

a. Above quite uniform reddish-chestnut

1. Sides ashy ....

2. Sides brownish
/S. Grayish-brown above, rump rufescent

1. Sides brownish ...
c. Crissum plain, without bands.

1. Outside of wings obsoletely banded. Beneath

white ; flanks and crissum fulvous.
a. Bill shorter than tarsus

2. Outside of wings and wing coverts distinctly

banded. Beneath white ; flanks and anal
region very pale fulvous.
a. Bill longer than tarsus

3. Similar to last above ; throat white ; rest of

under parts fulvous.

petenicus.

bewichii.

leucogaster.

spilurus.

poliopleura.
rnfalbus.

sinaloa.

modestus.

albipectus.

THRYOTHORUS. 123

a. Wings considerably longer than tail ;

bill shorter than tarsus . . . gaVoraithi.

B. Wings little longer than tail ; bill

longer than tarsus .... longirostris.^
B. Head black, with white cheek-patch ; rest of upper part
deep chestnut.

a. Throat white, passing into chestnut behind. Sides

obsoletely banded with black .... castaneus.

b. Beneath white, tinged with rufous on abdomen.

Throat plain ; rest of under parts barred trans-
versely with black ...... nigricapillus.

c. Beneath white, tinged with chestnut on flanks and

anal region. Whole under parts from bill to tail

banded transversely with black • . . schottii.

The following is the more natural arrangement of the species just
mentioned, as based upon their peculiarities of form : —

Thryophilus ; rufalhus, poliopleura;, sinaloa, modestus, alhipectus, galhraithi,
striolalus, longirostris, castaneus, nigricapillus, schottii.

Pheugopedius: fasciato-ventris, pleiirostictus? macidipectus, rutilus, felix,

coraya, melarXos.

Thryothorus : ludovicianus, berlandieri, petenicus.
Tutiryomanes : bewickii, spilui-us, leucogaster.

These are followed by the species of Troglodytes, Anorthura, Cisto-
thorus, and Telmatodytes, synopses of which will be given
further on.

The following species of the group of Troglodytidse I have not had
the opportunity of examining : —

Thryothorus pleurostictus, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 30 CGuatemala).— Ib.
Catal. 18(31, 21, no. 136. See page 121 (" Gulf of Nicoya," Salviu iu letter).

Thryothorus murinus, Hartlaub, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1852, 4 (Rio Frio,
between Puebla and City of Mexico). (How nf^ar petenicus and albinucha ?)

Troglodytes albinucha, Cabot, Pr. Bost. N. H. See. II, 1847, 258 (Yuca-
tan). Possibly T. petenicus, and if so, prior to it.

a. Thryothorus.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 548. — Troglodytes ludo-
vicianus. Light. Verz. 1823, 35 ; also of Bonaparte and Auddbon. —
Prince Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 110. — Thryothorus ludovicianus,
Bon. List, 1838, etc.— Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 78.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 361.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 20.

' See note on longirostris and its allies, under T. galhraithi, p. 132.

124

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Trofjlodijtes arundinaceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 55, pi. cviii.

(Certainly this species : the habits those of C. palustris.')
Certhia caroliniana, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 61, pi. xii, fig. 5.
Thryothorus littoralis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1&19, 56.
Thryothorus louisinnae, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, 262.
Additional figures : Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 77. — Ib. Birds. Am. II,

1841, pi. 117.

Hah. Eastern Province United States, from New York southward to the Gulf.

1

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soaiaa; toi''s
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

7,113 i ..

Philadelphia.

John Cassin.

1,785

Maryland.

S. F. Baird.

1,097

rf

Washington, D. C.

.Tnnel2, '43.

"

Wm. M. Baird.

28,934

ff

'•

Aug. 6, '58.

Dr. E. Coues.

32,285

rf

Macon, Ga.

Prof. J Leconte.

7,120

Rockport, 111.

Jan. 2, '52.

Dr. Kirtland.

10,204

rf

South Illinois.

Miiy 9.

R Kennicott.

7,118

Ft. Leavenworth.

Jan. 20, '55.

Lt. Couch.

12,113

V

Red Fork of Ark.

18.)0.

Capt. Sitgreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

12,114

d

Cherokee Nation.

Aug. 4, '49.

Thryothoms toerlandieri.

Thryothorus berlatidieri, CorcH MSS. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 362, pi.
Ixxxiii, fig. 1 (New Leon).

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande.

^S'o additional specimens of this species have been noticed since
the publication of the "Birds of North America." The differences
there indicated appear sufficient to distinguish the species from the
allied T. ludovicianus. The characters of the two are as follows : —

Common Chakactees. — ;Above reddish-brown ; rump, exposed surface of
wings and tail rather faintly barred with black. Crissum strongly barred
with the same. White supra-ocular stripe bordered above by black. Sides
of neck much spotted with the same. Wing coverts spotted with whitish.
Beneath whitish, with an occasional wash of reddish.

Sides plain. Bill from nostril, .45 .... ludovicianus.
Beneath rufous ; lighter on throat and on median line.
Sides obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nos-
tril. 56 ........ . berlandieri.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,122

142

?

7,123

143

d

7,121

123

Locality.

New Leon, Mex.
San Diego, Mex.

When
Collected.

April, 1853.
Mar. 1853.

Received from

Lt. Couch.

Collected by

(7,122.) Eyes brown.

THRYOTHORUS. . 125

Thryotlaorus petenicus.

Thryothorus petenicus, Salviit, Pr. Z. S. May, 1SG3, 1S7 (Peten),

(Mr. Salvia's type, No. 112.) Bill longer than the head; tail and wings
about equal. Color above reddish-brown ; more rufous on the rump. Upper
tail coverts grayish-brown, rather obscurely banded with black. Outer edges
of primaries marked with grayish and black, of secondaries and whole exposed
surface of wing with very obsolete, almost inappreciable dusky bars. Under
parts whitish, nearly pure on throat and middle of belly, tinged with fulvous
(and with the feathers very slightly tipped with dusky) across the breast ;
the sides more like the back, but paler. Crissum with broad white and black
bars ; flanks obscurely barred with dusky. A broad line of white, edged
with black, from bill over eye to nape : those of opposite sides connected by
a concealed series of black-edged white streaks on the nuchal feathers, which
form a half collar with more distinctly marked feathers on the side of neck
behind the ear coverts, which are like the back. Lower part of cheek feathers
white, edged with dusky. Tail feathers black ; the outer webs and tips
spotted or blotched with dirty white ; the middle feathers ashy-brown, with
spotted broken bars of black, about one-third their interspaces. Rump with
concealed spots of white. Bill longer than the head.

(Type.) Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; graduation, .26; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, SO, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .85, from
nostril, .55, along gape, .92; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .80; claw
alone, .23 ; hind toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .27.

This species is very similar in coloration and general appearance
to the typical styles of T. heivickii, from the eastern United States.
The bill, however, is much larger and longer, the legs much stouter,
and the wings and tail about equal, instead of the latter being longer.
In these points it agrees more nearly with T. ludovicianus, as well
as in the character of the nostrils. The white spots of the nape are,
however, wanting in hewickii, in which also the wing is more dis-
tinctly barred ; the bands on the upper surface of the tail twice as
numerous ; the white markings quite similar ; the crissal bars nar-
rower and less prominent.

This species appears closely related to Thryothorus alhinucha, of
Cabot, and murinus, of Hartlaub, though differing in some respects
from their descriptions. It is quite possible that the two latter may
prove to be the same species, even if different from petenicus. All
seem to agree with T. hewickii in the black tail feathers, varied a
little with white.

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to
Mr. Salvin, who kindly transmitted his unique type for the purpose.
(No. 112, Sakleek River, near Peten, Guatemala, April, 18G2.)

126

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

b. Thryomanes.*

There are three strongly marked geographical varieties, if not
species of "Bewick's Wren," separable by quite constant characters.
Of these the Mexican (leucogaster-) and the typical foriu from eastern
Jforth America (hewickii) diifer most in coloration, while the western
(spiliu^us) is intermediate in this respect, but with a longer bill than
in the other two. The peculiarities of the three forms may be ex-
pressed by the following diagnosis : —

Var. be'wickii. — Above dark rufous-brown; rump and middle tail feathers
sometimes a little paler, and very slightly tinged witli gray, and together
with the exposed surface of secondaries distinctly barred with dusky.
Beneath soiled plumbeous whitish ; flanks brown. Crissum banded ;
ground color of quills and tail feathers brownish-black.

Var. leucogaster. — Above ashy-brown ; rump and middle tail feathers
brownish-ash — the former nearly pure ash ; without appreciable bars ;
bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, including inside of wing, pure
white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum banded ; ground
color of the quills and tail feathers grayish-brown.

Var. spilurus. — Similar to bewicJcii in color, the bill considerably longer.
Length from nostril, .50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70.

Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in
having the feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and in-
conspicuously edged with blackish.

Tliryotlaorus Ijcw^ickii, var. l>e"vi'icliii.

Troglodytes bewickir, Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96, pi. xviii. — Ib. B. A.
II, 1841, 120, pi. nS.—Thryothorus bewickii, Bonap. List, 1838.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 3G3. — Telmatodytes bewickii, Cab. Mus.
Hein. I, 1850, 78.

Hah. Eastern province of United States.

Smith- ;Collec-i Sex

sonian tor's and

No. No.

2.i,2<S2
11,722
32,282

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Macou, Ga.

When
Collected.

April 30, '46.
Oct. 1848.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.

Collected by

Tliryotliorus l>ewicltii, var. spilurus.

Troglodytes spilurus, ViGOKS, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839, 18, pi. iv,
fig. 1 (California).

• Thryomanes, Sclatek, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 22. (Type Troglodytes
hewickii, var. spilurus,')

THRYOPHILUS.

127

Trorjlodijtes heioickii, Newberkt, P. R. R. Rept. VI, iv, 1857, 80.— Cooper
& SucKLEY, ib. XII, II, 1860, 190. — Thryothorus hewickii, Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 22, no. 141 (in part).
Hah. Pacific slope of United States.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

9,517

7,126

2.J3

7,133

5,516

ii

¥

7,127?

Locality.

Simiahmoo, W. T.
Ft. Steilacoom.
San Francisco, Cal.
Petal lima, Cal.
Fort Tejon, Cal.
Los Noijales, Mex.

When
Collected.

Oct. 19, 'i)l.
Feb. 1856.

Mar. S, '56.
Jan. 1855.

Received from

A. Campbell.
Dr. G. Sucliley.

E. Samuels.
J. Xantus.
Major Emory.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

Dr. Kennerly.

Tlaryotlionis T)e"v*'icl$.ii, var. leucogaster.

Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas).

Notes Delattre, 1854, 43.
fThryothorus beivickii, Sclater, P, Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).
Hab. Soiitliern borders of United States, into Mexico.

-Bon.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

sonian
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

12,11.5?

rf

San Antonio, Tex.

April 15, '51.

Capt. Sitsjreaves.

Dr. Woodhouse.

7,1.30

Rinijtjold Barracks,

Jan. 15, '53.

Major Emory.

J. H. Clark.

3,971

41

V

Sta. Ros;ilio, [Tex.
Tamaulipas, Mex.

Mar. 1853.

Lt. Couch.

3,970

1.58

New Leon, Guya-

April, 1853.

"

9,119

29,906

Mexico. [puco.

Verreaux.

22,388

29,907

d

(3,971.) Eyes dark-brown. (3,970.) Do.

THRYOPHILUS, Baird.

Thryophilus, Baird. (Type Thryothorus rvfalhus.')

Bill of Thryothorus, but more notched. Nostrils imperforate, broadly oval,
situated in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, bounded behind by
bare membrane, but elsewhere by the bony outline of the nasal groove (at
least apparently so in the dried skin). The overhanging membranous scale
of Thryothorus appears thus to be entirely wanting, or reduced to a very rudi-
mentary condition. The vertical septum spoken of in Thryothorus as project-
ing into the posterior extremity of the nasal aperture here appears to be con-
tinued forward along the upper edge of the interior cavity of the nostrils to
the anterior extremity. Other characters much as in Thryothorus.

In the introductory remarks on the Troglochjtidse I have already
alluded to a genus of American Wrens, the species of which have
hitherto been included in the genus Thryothorus. They differ, how-
ever, in having a much more distinctly notched bill, and in the
peculiarly open nostrils, which seem to lack the overhanging scale

128 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

or membrane of Tliryothorus and Pheugopedius, leaving the nasal
aperture to occupy the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, with
the internal lateral septum exposed, but vertical, and extending for-
ward to the anterior extremity of the nostril, not ending abruptly
behind. This is a peculiarity very easily appreciated in most cases.

The generic name of Thryothorus belongs to T. ludovicianus as
type. Prince Maximilian has used Eylemathrous for a South Ame-
rican Wren (his platensis) ; which, however, Cabanis assures us is
strictly congeneric with Troglodytes sedan (Journal fiir Orn. 1860).
Finding, therefore, no name ready at hand for this group, I am com-
pelled to make a new one.

The genus differs from Campyloy^hynchus in having a notched bill,
and a more open nostril, lacking the supra-nasal ridge or sometimes
scale seen in nearly all excepting G. cajnstratus, and its allies ; and
from this it differs in having the lateral septum exposed, not con-
cealed by the nasal membrane behind ; the legs also are much more
feeble. Heleodytes has much stouter legs, an unnotched bill, the
tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw.

A synopsis of the principal species will be found under Tliryothorus.

Tliryopliiliis rufall>us, var. rufalbus.

Thryothorus rufalbus, Lafresnate, R. Zool. 1845, 337, Mexico ? (more
probably S. America). — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863 (Pana-
ma). — Cabanis, Jour. Orn. 1860, 408 (Costa Rica). — Sclater, P. Z.
S. 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui).
?Tror/lodi/tes cumanensis, Light. Cab. Jour. 1860, 408 (Carthagena).
Hab. Isthmus Panama ; New Grenada ; Costa Rica ?

Tliryopliiliis rufalbus, var. poliopleura.

Thryophilus poliopleura, Baird.

Thryothorus rufalbus, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala) ; not
of Lafresnaye.
Hab. Guatemala.

I find, on comparison of a series of Wrens labelled T. rufalbus
from different localities, some important differences which appear,
taken in connection with the geographical distribution, to be almost
of specific value. Cabanis has already suggested a difference of
species, although not exactly on the same grounds that present them-
selves in the specimens before me.

As Cabanis remarks, the typical species of Lafresnaye is probably
to be found from northern New Grenada — the locality given of
"Mexico" being most likely erroneous. The Bogotan specimens
differ in smaller size, less extent of white beneath, and greater

THRYOPHILUS.

129

amount of rusty brown on the sides ; the sides of the bead and neck
more streaked with black. These ditferences are, perhaps, not in-
compatible with an identity of species, but the Guatemalan bird
differs from both in some decided characteristics.

A fine adult Guatemalan specimen, received from Mr. Salvin, has
the under parts ashy-white, the flanks almost pure ashy. The under
tail coverts are white, banded sharply with black. In all the more
southern specimens before me, the under parts are more yellowish-
white, the flanks conspicuously pale rufous ; the white interspaces
of the black crissal bars more suffused with rusty. The legs of the
Guatemalan bird appear to be shorter, and the bill lower and smaller.

The following diagnosis may serve to illustrate these difl'erences.
In all the specimens the upper parts are bright reddish, or cinnamon
brown, less vivid towards the head ; the wings and exposed surface
of the tail with black bands, much narrower than their interspaces.
The upper tail coverts without bands. Beneath white, without any
bands, except on the crissum, which is broadly marked with black.
A white line from bill over eye, and a brown one behind narrowly
margined with black ; the sides of the head with the white feathers
edged with black ; a black line from lower edge of lower jaw bor-
dering the chin : —

Van rufalbus. — Beneath clear white ; the sides washed with reddish-brown ;

blacli bands on tail about half the width their intervals.
Var. poliopleura. — Beneath ashy-white ; sides ashy without rusty wash ;

black bands on tail about one-third their intervals.

As already suggested, the Bogotan bird differs from both the pre-
ceding, though most closely allied to the former.

(93, rufalbus, Panama.) Total length, 5.80 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.45 ; length
of bill from forehead, .86, from nostril, .53, along gape, .97; tarsus, 1.02;
middle toe and claw, .88.

(30,656, poliopleura.) Total length, 5.90 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 2.50; length of
bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .48, ak)ng gape, .91 ; tarsus, .93 ; middle
toe and claw, .80.

Smith-

.sonian

No.

Conec-
liir's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

Collected by

P

olioijleura.

30.655 1 109 1 Juv. 1 Retalenleu, Gnat.

30.656 1 104 1 Ad. | Savaua Grande, "

Sept. 1862.
1S62.
rvfalfyiis.

0. Salvin.

Salvin & Godm.

93 fj-

93 9

32 694 38.360 cT

32,692 31,485 d"

Panama E. E.

Cote feime.
Bogota.

Cab. Lawrence.

Terreaux.

M'Loan. & Galb.

9

Sep

tember, 1864.

130

KEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

TliryopliilMS sinaloa.

Thryophilus sinaloa, Baird, n. s.
Hab. N. Western Mexico.

(Type 23,786, d.) Bill shorter than the Lead. Gonys straight. No scale
over the nostril. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Tail well developed ; the
feathers broad, nearly even, the lateral only graduated ; the tip extending a
little beyond the outstretched feet. Wings but little longer than the tail.

Above dark olive-brown, with slight reddish tinge ; the rump rufous or dark
cinnamon ; the tail feathers with a shade of the same, still slighter on the
outer webs of the secondaries. Tail feathers with six or eight pretty well-
defined narrow, transverse black bands (each about half the width or less of
the interspaces) ; these most regular on the outer feathers, and apt to be
hroken near the tips of some. The outer primaries edged with grayish ; the
outer webs of the other quills with a series of dusky spots. The under parts,
lores, and a stripe over the eye are white. The feathers of the sides of the neck
are white, ed^^ed with black, as are the posterior feathers of the superciliary
stripe running into this neck patch. The ear coverts are grayish-white, ob-
scurely and faintly edged with dusky. The flanks are plain brown, rather
lighter than the back. The under tail coverts are white, with tliFee or four
well defined black bands, not quite so wide as their interspaces, and suffused
along their edges with reddish-brown. Bill light horn color; the lower
mandible, except the tip, whitish. Legs lighter than the bill.

(23,786, male.) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.15 ; graduation, .22 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80 ; length of bill from forehead, .TZ,
from nostril, .40, along gape, .84; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .70; claw
alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .60 ; claw alone, 26.

This species is most closely related to T. rufalhus, in the white
under parts and banded crissum. It is, however, much smaller ; the
upper parts are grayish, instead of cinnamon red ; the sides of the
neck much more conspicuously streaked with black. The lores are
Avhitish ; the greater coverts spotted with whitish. T. ludovicianus
has different nostrils ; upper parts purplish red ; beneath tinged with
yellowish. T. i:)etenicus, besides many other differences, has the
tail black, the outer feathers varied only with white. The banded
and white crissum, more striped neck, deeper bars on the wings, etc.,
distinguish it from modcslus.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No:

Age.

23,780

287

d

28,786

280

d

34,016

d

29,. 361

i20

d

31,822

1,607

d

Locality.

Mazatlan.
Colima.

When
Collected.

July, 1861.

.Tune, 1862.
Feb. 1863.

Eeceived from

Co). A. J. Grayson
J. Xantus.

Collected by

(23,786.) Type. (34,016.) Iris brown. (2D,361.) Iris brown. (31,822.) Iris reddish-brown.

THRYOPHILUS.

131

Thryopliiliis modestus.

Thryothorus modestus, Cab.' Jour. 18C0, 409 (San Jose, Costa Rica). —
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863, no. 375.
Hah. Guatemala to Panama.

(No. 33,266.) Above reddish-brown; grayer on the top of head ; brighter
behind. Exposed surface of wings obsoletely barred with dusky, scarcely
appreciable except on the inner (superior) secondaries. Upper surface of tail
reddish-brown, with narrow bars of black, about one-third the width of the
interspaces, the upper tail coverts plain. Beneath, including bend and inside
of wings, with sides of head, white ; the sides of body, anal region, and
crissum fulvous, without any bars. A white Hue over the eye, and a black-
ish one through it. A few of the ear coverts scarcely appreciably edged with
dusky.

Total length of dried skin, 5.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30; graduation, .75 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.30 ; length of bill from forehead,
.72, from nostril, .47, along gape, .77 ; tarsus, .91 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ;
hind toe and claw, .GO ; claw alone, .25.

Mr. Lawrence's specimens, from Isthmus of Panama, are similar,
but smaller and paler, with shorter bill.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

"When
Collected.

Received from Collected by

30,6o7
33,266

120
81

9S

d"

Duenas, Guat
Sau Jose. C. R.
Panama R. R.

1S62.

0. Salvin.

Dr. V. Fiantzius.

Cah. Lawrence.

Salvin & Godm.
M'Leau. & Galb.

Tliryophiliis gall>raitlii.

Thryothorm (jalbraithi, Lawre>-ce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. "VII, 1861, 320, no.
192 (Panama R. R.).

Thryothorus , Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193.

Hah. Isthmus of Panama and Carthagena.

(No. 100, 'J, .) Above reddish-olivaceous, nearly uniform, except towards and
on the tail coverts, which are more rufous. Entire exposed surface of the wiugs,
including coverts, conspicuously barred with black, this color rather narrower
than the interspaces ; lesser coverts more obsoletely. Chin and throat above
white ; rest of under parts, including lining of wing, at first pale fulvous,
becoming much deeper on the flanks, anal region, and crissum. No indica-
tions of any bars beneath. Sides of head, including a line from bill over the
eye, white ; a brownish line behind the eye, scarcely continued through the
whitish lores. Ear coverts white, obscurely edged with dusky. Tail reddish-
brown, lighter than the back, with rather broad transverse bars of black about
half the width of interspaces. In the male the upper tail coverts are obsoletely
barred, like the tail ; the female shows no traces of it.

Specimens from the Atrato region are similar, but less intense in coloration,
paler beneath, and in this respect approaching alhipectus.

(No. 100, 1, Mr. Lawrence's type.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail,

132

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

2.10 ; graduation, .46 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .50, along
gape, .85 ; tarsus, .92 ; middle toe and claw, .82 ; hind toe and claw, .08 ; claw
alone, .30.

This species will be readily distinguished from T. viodestus, hj
the very distinct bars on the wings ; the broader bars on the tail ;
the deeper fulvous color beneath, extending over the beliy and
breast ; and the fulvous, instead of white, edge and lining of the
wing. The tail is shorter ; the toes longer. It is somew^hat similar
to a species from Paraguay ; but is larger, more rufous above,
redder, and more regularly barred on the tail, etc. In external
appearance it is very much like the Tliryophilus longirodris, but
the bill of the latter is much longer.*

Smith-

Collec-

Sox

When
Collected.

Koaian

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

21,744

330

Turbo, N. Grenada.

Lt. Michler.

A. Schott.

21.686

344

c^

"

21,687

346

"

21.692

309

5

"

21,693

5

Cartbagena.

100

rC

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Le^tn. & Galb.

••

100

¥

"

(100, cf-) Type. (100, ?.) Do.

' I find, in the collections of Mr. Lawrence and of the Philadelphia Academj,
three quite well marked species of long-billed Wrens (with the bill longer
than the tarsus). They all agree in the entire absence of bands or spots on
the under parts, and in having the top of head more dusky than the back,
rump, and tail coverts. They may be characterized as follows : —

T. striolatus (Max.). — Dark reddish-brown above, but little lighter be-
neath, except that the throat and cheeks are white ; the jugulum and
middle line of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Cheek feathers edged with
black. Tail with broad black bands wider than their reddish intervals ;
those on wings about as wide as their intervals. Bill from forehead,
1.12, from nostril, .78 ; tarsus, about .95. Hah. Rio Janeiro. Cab. A. N. So.

T. longirostris (Vieill.). — Generally similar to preceding, but much paler.
Lining of wings fulvous. Dark bands on wings and tail much narrower
than their interspaces. Cheek feathers edged with black. Bill fiom
forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .76; tarsus, .90. Hah. Bahia. Cab. G. N.
Lawrence.

T. albipectus (Cab.) — Above still paler than preceding. Top of head appre-
ciably more dusky ; bands on wings and tail about equal to their inter-
spaces. Beneath, including lining of wings, white, slightly soiled with
brownish-yellow on the sides and behind. Cheeks pure, continuous
white. Bill from forehead, .99, from nostril, .65; tarsus, .98 Hab.?
Cab. A. N. Sc. (This specimen differs somewhat from Cabanis's descrip-
tion, especially in the pure white cheeks, and may really be different.)

TIIRYOPIIILUS. 133

Tltrjopliiliis castaneus.

Thrijothorus castaneus, Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 18G1, 321, no. 103
(Panama E. R.).

JTcib, Line of Panama R. R.

(No. 99, % .) Above dark chestnut-brown ; the wings and tail black, their
exposed surfaces, except perhaps middle and lesser coverts, banded with
chestnut ; the two sets of bands about equal on the wings ; on the tail the
black ones nearly double the others. The second and third lateral tail
feathers not banded internally, except at tip. No bauds whatever on back
and rump. Top and sides of head black ; a line from bill over eye, eyelids,
and a band from side of lower jaw curving round over the ears, white — the
latter bounded interiorly by a black line from lower jaws bordering the ear
behind, and running into the black of the nape. Chin and vipper throat
white, passing insensibly into reddish-fulvous on the jugulum, and posteriorly
into deep chestnut. The breast, sides, and crissum are barred transversely
with black, less distinct along the middle line. Inside of wings chestnut.

The white crescent on the side of head is separated from the white lower
eyelid by a black space.

Female similar, but smaller, with shorter bill.

Male: Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.40; graduation of tail, .70;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.00; tarsus,
1.03 ; middle toe and claw, .90; hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35.

Female: Bill from forehead, .80; nostril, .49 ; gape, .91.

Smith-

souian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,093

99
99

Pauama R. R.

Geo. N. Lawrence.
Cab. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.
M'Leari.&Galb.

(99, cT-) Type. (99, $.) Do.

Tliryopliilus schottii.

Thryophilus schottii, Baikd, n. s.

Thryothorus nigricapillus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Truando).

Not of SCLATEK.

Hah. Isthmus of Darien.

Markings above and on the head precisely similar to those of T. castaneus.
Under parts, from chin to anal region, white, the flanks and crissum tinged
with chestnut; the whole extent from chin to tail, including inner win"
covert, barred transversely and distinctly with black, the black bars a little
the narrower.

No. 17,901. Total length, 5.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; graduation of tail,
.65 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00 ; length of bill from nostril, .50 ; along
gape, .90 ; tarsus, .96 ; middle toe aud claw, .85 ; hind toe and claw, .70.

134

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part T.

As stated, this species is very similar above to castaneus ; the
l)lack bars on the tail are rather more continuous. The under parts,
however, are white, except flanks and crissum — not chestnut ; the
bars much more decided, and extending forward over the jugulum,
throat, and chin, instead of being unmarked. The resemblance to
T. nigricapillus, Sclater, from Ecuador, is still closer ; this, how-
ever, has the throat pure white, instead of being barred with black.

Smith-
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

-, ,., When
Locality. Collected.

Received frqm

Collected by

ITPOl
21,688

172

218

Truando River, N. G.
Truando Falls, "

Lt. N. Michler. A. Schott.

PHEUGOPEDIUS, Caba>is.
Pheugopedius, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 79. (Type P. geriibarbis :=melanos.)

General characters of Tliryothoriis. The bill, in typical species,
much thicker and stouter, as in Cyjjhorinus ; height about one-third
length above ; culracn nearly straight to the rather abrupt extremity.
Owing to the greater breadth of the nasal membrane, the overhang-
ing roof of the nostrils becomes more valvular ; and, in the dried
specimen at least, is very apt to close the nostril, or to leave a very
narrow crescentic slit, thus distinguishing the genus very readily
from Thri/ophilus. The tail appears more graduated, and exhibits
a tendency towards being slightly decurved or arched above aud not
plane.

I have taken the characters above given partly from P. melanos,
the type, and partly from P. fasciato-ventris. The transition, how-
ever, from Tliryothorus to Pheugopedius is quite gradual, through
such species as rutilus and maculipectus. T. felix is more like
a Thri/othorus in the bill, and nearest Pheugopedius in the tail. A
synopsis of the principal species will be found under Tliryothorus.

Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris.

? Tliryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1845,337 (Bogota). —
Cyphorimis fasciato-ventris, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
320, no. 186 (Panama).

Ci/phorinus albifjularis, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1855, 76, pi. 88 (Panama).

Ilab. Bogota to Isthmus of Panama.

(89, % .) Above rather bright reddish-brown (especially on the lower
back) ; the exposed surface of wings, including greater coverts, and upper

PHEUGOPEDIUS.

135

tail coverts, barred obscurely witli black. Lores and ears sooty. Chin, throat,
and jugulum white — this color extending round behind the ears. A scarcely
appreciable white line over and but little Ijehind the eye. Rest of under
parts, including crissuin, sooty black, barred transversely and narrowly with
Mhite ; the flanks strongly washed with rufous. The upper part of the breast
almost uniform blackish — this color extending forward so as to margin the
white of the neck, but not crossing the white of the cheeks. The tail is
blackish, the exposed surfaces narrowly barred with reddish-brown (about
one-third their interspaces). Inside of wing spotted with blackish. Bill above
blackish ; the tip, tomia, and under side horn color. Legs blackish.

The bill in this species is considerably stouter, perhaps higher, than in
the type, P. cnraya, but is otherwise much the same.

Females similar, but smaller, with the white of neck scarcely bordered with
black ; the white bands beneath less distinct.

(89, %.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; its graduation, .80;
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .54; along gape, 1.00 ; greatest
height, .27 ; width at angle of mouth, .40 ; tarsus, 1.00 ; middle toe and claw,
.92; claw alone, .28 ; hind toe and claw, .72 ; claw alone, .35.

Female: Length, 5.80; bill from nostril, .47; gape, .91.

A Rivoli specimen in the collection of the Phila. Academy, from
South America, agrees well with those from Panama.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

34,09.3

89 cf Panama R. R.
89 9

Santa Martha, N. G.

Cab. Lawrence. M'Lean. & Galb.
Geo. N. Lawrence.

Plieiigopedius rittilus.

Tkryothorus rutiliis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1817, 56. — Ib. Nouv.
Diet. II, 627.— BuRM. Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 134 (Brazil).— Sclater,
Catal. 1861, 21, no. 134.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
320, no. 189.
Tkryothorus rutilans, Sw. Birds Braz. pi. xv.
Uab. N. Brazil and Venezuela, to Isthmus of Panama.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

97

d

Panama K. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

M'Lean. & Galb.

Plieusjopediiis maculipectus.

Thrijolhorus maculipectus, Lafh. Rev. Zool. 1845, 338 (Mexico). — Scla-
ter, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Ib. 1859, 363 (.Jalapa), 372
(Oaxaca). — la Catal. 1861, 21, no. 133. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis,
II, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guat.).
Hah. South Mexico to Guatemala.

13G

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

EODiaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

22,381

10,721

10,20>
20,398

1,437

9(J

Locality.

When
ColieuteJ.

Mexico.
Guatemala.
Ciijabou, Vera Paz.
Guatemala.

Received from

Verreaux.
J. Gould.
0. Sal V in.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Plieugopcdiiis felLx.

Thryolhorus felix, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S59, 371 (Oaxaca). — Ib. Catal.
1861, 21, no. 136.

Ilah. "West coast of Mexico (Oaxaca to Mazatlan).

(No. 15, Coll. Salv.) Bill about the length of head; tail longer than the
wings, much graduated, the lateral feathers about two-thirds the central.
Color of the upper parts light-brown, with a very slight tinge of rufous, which
hecomes very decided on top of head. Upper tail coverts obscurely barred ;
wings, however, perfectly plain throughout. Chin and throat white, gradually
liecoming soiled with fulvous on the median line of body ; the sides and flanks
of a shade of brownish, paler than the back. Edge of wing white, inside
tinged with fulvous. Crissum ashy-white, barred about equally with black.
All the feathers of sides ofhead and neck (including side of lower jaw)
white, edged with black, either on both sides or on one only ; the black some-
times involving the whole web ou one side. A superciliary white stripe from
the bill is obscured by the black and white markings. Upper surface of tail
feathers light-brown, like the back, with transverse bars of black, one-half to
one-third their interspaces, generally interrupted along the median line, some-
times broken up into spots, especially at the ends, the intervals between the
bars in places sometimes paler than the ground color. Legs and bill dark
plumbeous.

Total length, 5.70 ; wing, 2.30 ; tail, 2.70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.38, of longest, 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary),
1.75 ; length of bill from forehead, .68, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83 ;
tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw,
.59 ; claw alone, .25.

This species is closely related, in coloration, to P. rutilus and
maculipectus ; especially in the color of the back, becoming more
rufous on the head and not on the rump ; the peculiar and very
distinct black and white markings of the entire side of the head, the
perfectly plain wings, the banded crissum, the much graduated tail,
and wings (the 5th or Gth quills longest), etc. It will, however, be
very easily distinguished from rutilus, by the absence of Ijlaek spots
on the chin and throat, and of the red of the jugulum ; and from
maculipectus, by the lack of black spots on the breast ; from both
by the presence of bars on the upper tail coverts. The bill has less
of the characters of Pheugopedius — being lower, and nearer typical

TROGLODYTES.

131

Thryoiliorus ; in fact, connecting the two ; the tail is considerably
longer than in the two species mentioned, more as in T. ludovicianus.
For the opportunity of first examining this species, I am in-
debted to Mr. Osbert Salvin (Xo. 15, Salvin's collection, from
Oaxaca, type specimen received from Salle). Since the above de-
scription based on this specimen was written, the Institution has had
a skin from Mazatlan, agreeing in all essential respects.

Smith-
soniau

CoUec-

lor's
No.

Sex
and

Ai;e.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

CoUected by

34,01J

S

d

Mazatlau, Jlex.

June, 1862.

A. J. Grayson. A. J. Graybon.

(34,015.) Iris brown.

TROGLODYTES, Vieillot.
Troglodytes, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1S07, 52. (Type Troglodytes sedon.)

By most European authors the European "Wren is considered as
the type of the genus Trorjlodytes — Gray giving 1807 as the date
of its creation by Yieillot. In the Ois. Am. Sept., however, the
true type is the sedon there first named — the European species not
being mentioned at all.

The characters of the genus are difficult to define, as they differ
but little from Thryothorus, and some species connect the two very
closely. The nostrils are as in Tliryoihorus, having an incumbent
thickened scale overhanging the rather linear nostrils. The bill is
shorter, or not longer than the head ; straight, slender, and without
notch. The tail is considerably graduated, generally shorter or not
longer than the wings, which are much rounded.

The bill is straighter, shorter, and more slender than in Tliryo-
ihorus ; the size of the species much smaller ; the colors plainer,
more uniform, and almost entirely without the distinct light super-
ciliary line so general in Thryothorus and Thryophilus.

The Winter Wren, T. hyemalis, agrees with the European species
in proportionably much smaller and narrower tail, only about two-
thirds the wing. T. brunneicolh's agrees with it, to some extent, in
this respect. In the others the wing and tail are nearly equal.

The following synopsis may serve to illustrate some of the peculi-
arities of the species : —

138

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

aedon.

aedon, var. aztecus.

parhmanni.

americanus.

A. Tail and wings aLout equal.

a. Beneath grayish-white. Crissum and flanks dis-

tinctly barred. Wing coverts spotted with whit-
ish. Dark bars of tail about half the width of
their interspaces.

First primary nearly half the longest. Color

above dark-brown, rufous towards tail
Wing similar. Above paler brown
First primary half the second. Above paler
brown .......

Somewhat similar to a^/o^, but darker. Sides
of head dark, without obscure superciliary
streak .......

b. Beneath all over yellowish-brown. Crissum band-

ed ; flanks indistinctly so or not at all. Wing
coverts not spotted. Dark bars of tail more
numerous, about equal to their light inter-
spaces. Inside of wings plain.'

First primary little more than half the second.
Beneath darker fulvous. Bars of flanks in-
appreciable ......

First primary more than half the longest.
Beneath pale fulvous. Flanks quite dis-
tinctly barred ......

c. Throat and breast dark yellowish-brown, con-

trasting with the whitish belly and strongly
barred flanks. Inside of wings banded. Bars
on tail one-fourth their interspaces. Wing
coverts spotted, and scapulars banded with
whitish ........ hrunneiconis.

B. Tail very short ; only about two-thirds the wing.

a. Pale reddish-brown ; dusky bars of upper parts

with whitish spots or interspaces . . . hjemalis.
Dark rufous above and below ; upper parts with
few or almost no whitish spots . . . hyemalis, var.

j}ac>Jicus.

intermedins.

inqidetiis.

b.

a. Troglodytes.

Troglodytes aedon.

Troglodytes acdon, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 52, pi. cvii. — Ib.
Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 506.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 366.—
ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 145. — Hylemathrous aedon, Cab. Jour.
1860, 407.

• The South American species resemble those mentioned in this division ;
but beneath are either banded slightly on the crissum only, or not at all even
there.

TROGLODYTES.

139

Sylvia domest'ica, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 129, pi. vii.
Troglodi/tes full-US, Ndtt. Man. I, 1832, 422.

Other figures : Aod. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, pi. 83.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, pi. 120.
Hab. Eastern province of United States, from Atlantic to the Missouri River.

Autumnal and winter specimens have sometimes a slight fulvous
tinge on the breast.

As usual, southern specimens of this species are the smaller, as
illustrated by the following measurements.

(28,944, % , Washington.) Total length, 4.30 ; wing, 2.02 ; tail, 2.05 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, .74, of 2d, 1.30, of 3d, 1.50, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.51 ; length of bill from forehead, .60,
from nostril, .37, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .66 ; middle toe and claw, .64; hind
toe and claw, .56 ; claw alone, .25.

(8,641, '^, Florida.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total length,
4.50; expanse of wings, 5.75 ; wing from carpal joint, 1.75. Prepared speci-
men : Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.80 ; tail, 1.76 ; exposed portion of 1st pri-
mary, .70, of 2d, 1.22, of 3d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of
1st primary), 1.38 ; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .39, along
gape, .70; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw, .50;
claw alone, .24.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

souiaa tor's
No. No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

1,0S4 ; ..

rf

Carlisle, Pa.

June 14, '43.

S. F. Baird.

12,110

rf

Washiogton, D. C.

May 1, '59.

A. J. Falls.

2S,94i

113

.-r

"

June 12, '58.

Elliot Coues.

28,404

"

C. Drexler.

32,286

V

Macon, Ga.

Prof. Leconte.

6,512

Indian Kev, Fla.

G. Wurdemann.

8,612

Cape Florida.

Oct. 30, '57.

"

8,641

H-

"

Oct. 23, '57.

"

13,184

'-f

Nebra.ska City, Neb.

Lt. MuUan.

J. Pearsall.

13,185

V

Sioux City.

Troglodytes aedou, var. aztecus.

Troglodytes scdon, var. aztecus, Baied.
Hah. Eastern Mexico, from Rio Grande southward.

In a series of Mexican Wrens before me, in addition to well
marked specimens of T. Tiypsedon and hrunneicollis, I find a number
which I cannot distinguish satisfactorily from T. aedon. They have
the same proportions with sedon, as compared with parkmanni —
approaching the latter in a paler shade of upper plumage, in which
respect there is a slight difference from sedon. In most specimens
there is a brownish tinge on the breast (very different, however, from
hypaedon) not common in the skins usually seen of aedon, but agree-
ing very well with autumnal skins (as 728, Carlisle, and winter skins

140

RE\aEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

from Florida). Xo. 2G,368, however, probably killed in spring, has
the breast gray, and, as in some specimens of iedon, the feathers
faintly spotted with brownish.

From the paler shade of the upper parts, and possibly a rather
smaller size, I am inclined to consider these Mexican specimens as
residents, and not migrants from the north.

A specimen (1,139) collected south of the Rio Grande, by Lt.
Couch, agrees better with the Mexican variety, than with T. park-
manni, to which I had referred it.

Smith-
Bouian

No.

CoUec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

Collected by

7,139

29,206
30,872
26,368

51
106

lio

d

Charco Escoudido,

Tamaulipas.
Orizaba, Mex.
Mirador, Mex.
Xalapa, Mex.

Dec. 1862.

Lt. D. N. Couch.
F. Sumichrast.
Dr. Sartorius.
J. Krider.
Cab. Lawrence.

D'Oca.

(7,139.) Eyes dark-brown. (30,872.) Iris brown

Troglodytes parkmaniii.

Troglodytes parhnanni, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310. — Ib. Synopsis,
1839, 76.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 133, pi. 122.— Baird, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 367.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860,
191 (nest).— ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 23, no. 146.

Troglodytes sylvestris, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1846, 113 (California,
quotes erroneously Aud. T. americanus) .

Hah. Western and Middle provinces of United States..

Although the differences between the eastern and western House
Wrens, as stated in the " Birds N. Am.," are not very appreciable;
yet a comparison of an extensive series shows that they can hardly
be considered as identical. The general color above is paler and
grayer, and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back
and rump. The bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct.
The under parts are more alike, as while sedon sometimes has flanks
and crissum strongly tinged with rufous, other specimens are as pale
as in T. j^arkmanni.

Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two species
are to be found in the size and proportions of wing and tail. The
wing in parkmanni is quite decidedly longer than in sedon, measur-
ing, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not
so much to a larger size as to a greater development of the primaries.
The first quill is equal to or barely more than half the second in

TROGLODYTES.

141

2')arhvianni ; and the difference between the longest primary and the
tenth amounts to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in aedon, where
the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, much more than
half the length of the second.

The original description of T. parkmanni mentions a more reddish
tinge than I detect in any specimens before me, perhaps because the
type was younger, or in autumnal dress. The dimensions agree
very well.

(7,136, % , Steilacoom.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.12 ; tail, 2.12 ; gradua-
tion, .32 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.34, of 3d, 1.53, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.55 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .67; middle toe and claw,
62 ; hind toe and claw, .53 ; claw alone, .24.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniaa tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

15,900

317

?

Chiloweyuck Depot,

W. T.

June 17.

A. Campbell.

Dr. Kennerly.

7,136

363

rf

Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.

May 3, '56.

Dr. Suckley.

16,172

366

Ft. Crook, Cal.

Lt. Feilner.

2.5,. Sol

237

Fort Tejon, Cal.

June 30, '59.

John Xantus.

13,678

Colorado Riv., Ar.

Lt. Ives.

Mollhausen.

32,170

3,446

-r

San Jose, C. St. Lu-

Dec. 5, '59,

John Xantus.

13.781

8

Ft. Mass., Col. [cas.

Capt. Bowman.

17,199

Cant. Burgwyn.

Dr. Anderson.

11,07.5

'-r

Fort Bridger, Utah.

June 10, '58.

C. Drexler.

4,739

Council Bluffs.

April 29.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

5,275

Blackfoot Country.

July, 1855.

(32,170 ) Iris dark-brown.

Troglodytes americaiius.

Troglodtjtes americanus, kvD. Orn. Biog. II, 1S34, 452; V, 1830, 469, pi.
179.— Ib. B. a. II, 1841, 123, pi. 119.— Baird, B. N. A. 1858, 368.

Hah. Northeastern United States.

I am unable to throw any more light upon the relationship of the
Wood Wren to the Common Wren, than that presented in " Birds
N. Am." It is somewhat similar to T. parkmanni in size and pro-
portions, but instead of being paler than sedon is much darker.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

295
1,906
7,255

w

United States.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.
J. Cas.sin.

142

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[rAET I.

Troglodytes intermedins.

Troglodytes {Hijlemathrous) intermedins, Cab. Jour. ISGO, 407 (San Jose,

Costa Rica).
Troglodytes hi/pasdon, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, 128 (southern Mexico and

Guatemala).— Ib. Catal. 18G1, 23, no. 147.
Troglodytes cedon, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa). — Sclater &

Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).
Eab. Costa Rica, Guatemala, and southern Mexico (Oasaca, Scl.).

(No. 33,265.) First primary very nearly half the third. Tarsus and middle
toe about equal. Above reddish-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous ; very
obsoletely banded with dusky ; a little brighter on the rump. Wing and tail
very dark-brown, banded with the color of the back, the black bands rather
the narrower ; dusky bands rather more conspicuous on upper tail coverts.
An obscure line over eye and the under parts brownish-fulvous, paler on
throat and middle of belly, darker on sides ; entirely free from bars, except the
faintest possible indication on the side of the anal region. Crissum similar,
with distinct black bars ; the light interspaces whitish in spots. Bill dusky,
yellowish at base below.

Total length of the dried specimen, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.72; gradua-
tion, .35 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .74, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.48, of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50 ; length of bill
from forehead, .62, from nostril, .40, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .73 ; middle toe
and claw, .69; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .25.

A type specimen of hypxdon, lab'elled by Dr. Sclater, and received from M.
Salle, agrees in general appearance with the Costa Rican bird, but the bill is
stouter and plumbeous below. The color generally is lighter ; the quills paler,
and their inner edges instead of being ashy, are grayish-white. The wings
arc shorter.

This species maybe easily distinguished from T. sedon, and all other
more northern allies, by the decided fulvous tinge of the under parts,
and the almost entire absence of bars on the flanks or under parts,
excepting crissum. The upper parts are more faintly barred. The
quills aud tail feathers are much darker, without the whitish spotting
on outer edge of former ; the dark bars on tail more numerous, and
nearly as wide as their interspaces, instead of half the width, etc.
From most of the smaller South American Wrens, which closelj
resemble this species in color, it differs in the more decidedly barred
crissum, more numerous dark bars on tail, etc.

Smith- 'CoUec-

Boniau! tor's

No. No.

33,265
27,948
29,710

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

San Jose, C. R.
Mexico ?
Totontepec, Oaxaca.

When
CoUected.

Received from

J. Carniol.
P. L. Sclater?
A. Salle.

Collected by

(29,710.) Type of hypcedun, labelled by Dr. Sclater.

TROGLODYTES. 1-43

Troglodytes iuquietus.

Trofjlochjles inquietus, Lawrence, MSS.

Troglodytes hjpsedon, Lawkexce, Ann. X. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320
(Panama R. R. ).

Hah. Isthmus of Panama.

(109, 9.) First primary much developed ; mX)re than half the longest. Color
ahove brown, with a grayish tinge towards the head, and slightly rufous on
the rump. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred with black (more obso-
letely on wing coverts), the dark bars rather the narrower. The back faintly
barred. Beneath pale fulvous whitish, lighter on throat and middle of belly ;
tinged with brown on sides, the posterior parts of which are faintly barred.
Crissum barred conspicuously with black, the interspaces yellowish-brown to
whitish. Quite a distinct superciliary line. No spots on wing coverts.

Of the two specimens, the % is considerably lighter, almost white beneath.

(109, 9 , Panama R. R.) Total length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.85 ; gradua-
tion, .45 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.55 ; length of bill from forehead, .67,
from nostril, .43, along gape, .76 ; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .72 ; hind
toe and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .26.

This species was at first considered by Mr. Lawrence to be the
same with hypeedon (intermedins) ; but a careful comparison with
type specimens has shown their distinctness. It is considerably
larger, with longer bill and legs. The first primary is much larger.
The colors beneath are paler ; the lower part of sides distinctly
barred. The upper parts are considerably grayer.

None of the other small American allied Wrens before me (except
T. hrunneicollis) have a first primary decidedly more than half the
length of longest, and their tails are longer. The coloring above re-
sembles almost exactly that of T. parkmanni and the Mexican var.
of T. sedon, although the dark bars are more numerous. The under
parts are more fulvous; the bars on sides anteriorly less distinct;
the bars on the crissum more regular, and better defined. There
are no light spots on the wing coverts as in the Xorth American
species.

This species comes nearest sedon and its allies ; while intermedius
is more like the South American species, with their comparative
absence of bars.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality. CoTle<fted Received from Collected by

109

?

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence. MLean. & Galb.

(109.) Type.

144

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[par:

Troglodytes torunneicollis.

Trocjlodijtes hrunneicolUs, Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1858, 297 (Parada ; Oasaca).
— Ib. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 150.
Hah. Southern Mexico.

Bill short, compressed, and straight. First primary more than half longest.
Upper parts reddish-brown, brighter on the rump. The back, rump, and
wings barred rather distinctly with dusky. The dark bars exhibit a ten-
dency to be succeeded by another bar lighter than the ground color, on the
scapulars almost white. Greater wing coverts with a spot of whitish in the
end. Beneath, from chin to breast, brownish-bufif ; middle of belly dull white,
with scant spots of brown. Lower part of sides and crissum tinged with
dark-brown, banded with suffused whitish and dusky— the dark bars, as on
the scapulars, being succeeded by a whitish bar lighter than the ground color.
Inside of wings similarly banded. Tail feathers reddish-brown, with zig-zag
narrow bars of black ; innermost (superior) secondary quills with contour lines
of dusky, instead of transverse bars.

(29,709, %.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.85; graduation, .45 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .83, of 2d, 1.26, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.45 ; length of bill from forehead, .60, from
nostril, .35, along gape, .69 ; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .71 ; hind toe
and claw, .59 ; claw alone, .27.

This species somewhat resembles T. hyemalis, from which, how-
ever, its larger size, much longer tail, and browner breast distinguish
it. In none of its allies do we find the bands on the under side of
the wings, the whitish bars on the scapulars, and the general ten-
dency to have the dark bars succeeded by a whitish one. The legs
are unusually stout, the middle toe lengthened, and the 1st primary
longer than in any others, except inquieius.

Smith- CoUec-

soniani tnr's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Remarks.

29,709 7
29,a« 131

d

La Parada, Mex.
Orizaba, Mex.

Jan. 1861.

A. Sall6.

F. Surnichrast.

Type.

b. Anorthura.*

Troglodytes Siyemalis.

Si/lvia troglodytes, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 139, pi. viii, f. 6. — Troglo-
dytes hyemalis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 514. — Ann. Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 430, pi. 360.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 128, pi. 121.—
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 369. — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290
(Cordova, Mex.).— Ib. Catal., 1861, 23, no. 152.

* Anorthura, Rensie, 1831. (Type Motacilla troglodytes, Likn.)

TROGLODYTES.

145

Troglodytes eurnpaeus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 127. — Nuttall, Man.
I, 1832, 427.

Hab. Eastern United States, from Mississippi River. Cordova ? Sclater.

(No. 31,045, % , Washington.) Fresh specimen before being skinned : Total
length, 4.10 ; expanse of wings, 6.00 ; wing from carpal joint, 1.90. Prepared
as dry skin : Total length, 3.50 ; wing, 1.86 ; tail, 1.31 ; graduation, .20 ; ex-
posed portion of 1st primary, .66, of 2d, 1.20, of longest (measured from ex-
posed base of 1st primary), 1.42 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril,
.35, along gape, .65 ; tarsus, .72 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, .18 ;
hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soQiaal tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

127

1,379

V

29,94.0

625

^

31,04.5

rf

10,206

10,207

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.

Washington.

Cook Co., 111.
Miss. Bottom, 111.

When
Collected.

Oct. 1.3, '40.
April 22,'44.
Nov. 14,61.
Dec. 28, '60.

Keceived from

S. F. Baird.

D. W. Prentiss.
Chas. E. Schmidt.
K. Kennicott.

Collected by

Troglodytes liyemalis, var. paciiicus.

Troglodytes kyemalis, Coop. & Suck. P. R. Rep. XII, 1860, 191 (W. T.).
Hab, Pacific coast U. S.

I find, on comparing series of eastern birds with those from the
Pacific slope, that the latter are considerably darker in color above,
with little or almost none of the whitish spotting among the dusky
bars so characteristic of eastern specimens. The under parts are
more rufous, the tarsi appear shorter, and the claws decidedly larger.
The two forms seem quite as distinct as T. aedon and parkmanni ;
and there is usually no difficulty in at once deciding from which of
the two regions any specimen has been derived. The differences are
certainly greater than those existing between the eastern T. hye-
nialis and the European Wren, which, as far as I can judge from the
single specimen before me, consist mainly in the rather paler colors
of the under parts in the latter species, which also are perhaps not
so much spotted and barred beneath. The superciliary stripe, too,
is lighter and more distinct.

(No. 17,434, % , Puget Sound.) Total length, 3.60 ; wing, 1.84; tail, 1.31 ;
graduation, .28 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, of 2d, 1.20, of longest
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.40 ; length of bill from fore-
head, .56, from nostril, .35 ; tarsus, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone,,
.22 ; hind toe and claw, .54 ; claw alone, .27.
10 September, 1864.

146

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soniaa

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,143

267

17.434

436

^

4,601

10,637

i.iif

d

Locality.

Ft. Steilacoom.W.T.
Simiahmoo, W. T.
Columbia River.
Fort Tejou, Cal.

When
Collected.

Mar. 18.54.
Dec. 22, '.ifl.
Jan. 27, '56.

Received from

Dr. Suckley.
A. Campbell.

Collected by

Dr. Kennerly.

CISTOTHORUS, Cabams.
Cistothorus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 77. (Type Troglodytes stellaris,
Light., t^wiu) — Telmatodytes, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 78.-
(Type Certhia palustris, Wilson.)

a. Cistothorus.

Cistothorus stellaris. ,

Troglodytes stellaris, " Licut." Naumann, VSgel Deutschlands, III, 1823,
724 (Carolina). — Cistothorus stellaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 77. — Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 365,— Sclatek, Catal. 22, no. 142 (in part).

Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 436. — Avd. Orn. Biog. II,
1834, 427, pi. 175.— Ib. B. A. II, 1841, 138, pi. 124.
Ilab. Eastern province of United States.

(No. 3,073, Georgia.) Total length, 4.40 ; wing, 1.75 ; tail, 1.75, its gradua-
tion, .70 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.06, of longest (measured
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .45,
from nostril, .29; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .61 ; hind toe and claw,
.55 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2,510
3.073
8,829

"

Carlisle, Pa.
Liberty Co., Ga.
Loup Fork of Platte.

Sept. 20, '45.

1846.
Aug. 30.

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Warren.

Jos. Leconte.
Dr. Hayden.

Cistotl&orus elegans.

Cistothorus elegans, Sclatee & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.

I have not a very good series of specimens before me, although
they seem to indicate that the C. elegans of Sclater & Salvin is really
distinct from the northern bird, and that these authors have been
liasty in re-combining them. If not different species they at least
are well-marked varieties. The bill of elegans is considerably
stouter and larger than that of stellaris, and the tarsi decidedly
longer — the birds themselves being of much the same size. On the
back the white streaks do not reach so far back (nearly to the rump

CISTOTHORUS.

14*7

in stellaris), and the rump and tail coverts are plain, or with very
obsolete markings.

The characters derived from my present materials are as follows,
and will probably be substantiated by additional specimens : —

C. stellaris. — White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is con-
spicuously banded with brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish.
Beneath, including lining of wings, light cinnamon-brown ; throat and
belly paler, almost white ; sides and crissum very obsoletely barred
with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. Feathers of jugulum like
sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. Tarsus, .65 long.

C. elegans. — Streaks on back confined to interscapular region ; rump and
upper tail coverts almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath mucli paler than
in stellaris, without any appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides
and crissum, or of the fulvous of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings
snowy white. Tarsus, .72 long.

(No. 29,207, Mexico.) Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.72 ; tail, 1.70 ; graduation,
,60 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.09, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .55, from
nostril, ,31; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .62; hind toe and claw, .54;
claw alone, .27.

Smith-

sonian

No.

CoHec- Sex
tor's ! and

No. j Age.

Locality.

When
CoUected.

Received from

CoUected by

30,689
29,207

IJO 1 ..

56 ..

Duefias, Gnat.
Orizaba, Mex.

Aug. 21, '59.

O. Salvin.

F. Sumichrast.

Salvin & Godman.

<30,689.) Type.

b. Telmatodytes.

€istothorus palustris.

Certhia palustris, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58, pi. xii, fig. 4 (Penna).
— Troglodytes palustris, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, no. 66. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. I, 1831, 500, pi. 100.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 135, pi. 123.—
Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861,5 (Godthaab, Greenland). — Thryothorus pa-
lustris, Ndtt. Man. I, 1832, 439. — Cisiothorus (Telmatodytes) palus-
tris, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 364.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 22.

Thryothorus arundinaceus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 58 (not
Trog. arundinaceus, Vieillot). — Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bon.
Consp. 1850, 220. — Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein.
1850, 78.

Hab. Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland (Rein-
hardt) ; Mexico, and Guatemala ?

(No. 1,456, % .) Total length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.05 ; tail, 1.95 ; graduation, .62 ;
exposed portion of 1st primary, .78, of 2d, 1.22, of longest (measured from
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .67, from

148

EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

nostril, .46, along gape, .83 ; tarsus, .84 ; middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone,
.22 ; hind toe and claw, .63 ; claw alone, .32.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian! tor's

and

No. ! No.

Age.

1,456

cf

1,556

V

2';,93G

891

.-(■

12,111

rf

11,SS6

..

4,744?

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
Washington, D. C.

Whitfield Co., Ga.
Mouth of Big Sioux.

When
Collected.

May 4, "44.
May 20, '44.
May 21, '60.
May 19, '59.

May 4, '56.

Received from

S. F. Baird.

Dr. E. Cones.
C. Drexler.
A. Gerhardt.
Lt. Warren.

Collected by

Dr. Hayden.

Cistotliorus palustris, var. palitdicola.

Cistothorus palustris, var. palvdicola, Baird. — Troglodytes palustris,
Newb. p. R. Rep. "VI, iv, 1857, 80 (Pacific region). — Cistothorus pa-
lustris, Cooper & Suckley, P. R. Rep. X, ii, 1859, 190 (W. T.).

Hah. Pacific coast United States.

In comparing a series of Marsh Wrens of eastern Xorth America
with western, I find that they diifer appreciably in certain character-
istics, which may perhaps be expressed by the following diagnoses : —

Var. palustris. — Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail coverts above and
below either perfectly plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to
obscure spots beneath. Bauds on tail broken ; scarcely appreciable on
the middle feathers.

Var. paludicola. — Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail coverts distinctly banded
all across. Bands on tail quite distinct ; appreciable on the central
feathers.

How far these differences in size of bill, etc., will be found persist-
ent through larger series of specimens, I am unable to say.

I am unable at present to say to which variety the Mexican bird
(Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 290), and the Guatemalan (Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1859, 8) belong.

(No. 7,141, Washington Territory.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 1.96; tail,
2.00; graduation, .45; exposed portion of 1st primary, .63, of 2d, 1.25; of
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50 ; length of bill
from forehead, .60, from nostril, .38, along gape, .70 ; tarsus, .78 ; middle toe
and claw, .61 ; claw alone, .20 ; hind toe and claw, .50 ; claw alone, .26.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

7,141

110

16,173

51

V

7,140

rr

26,350

Locality.

Shoal water Bay.
Fort Crook, Cal.
Sacramento Valley.
Fort Tejon, Cal.

When

Collected.

0/ct. 31, '54.

Oct. 23, '57.

Received from

Gov. Stevens.
Lt. Feilner.
Lt. Williamson.
Jno. Xantus.

Collected by

Dr. Cooper.
Dr. Heermann.

CISTOTHORUS. 149

From a careful examination of tlie data furnished by the tables
and indications of localities in the preceding pages, it will be seen
that a few species, as Tardus mustelinus, fuscescens, swainsoni,
alicise, and migratorius, Galeoscoj)tes caroUnensis, Ilimus pobjglot-
Itif! ? of the Turdidse, wivh Sialia sialis, of the Saxicolidse, and Poli-
optila caerulea of the Sylviidas occur in the West Indies as winter
visitors. The remaining species of these families (except some
peculiar to the islands), with the whole of the Ginclidse, Paridse,
Certhiadae, and Troglodylidse, are entirely wanting. Even the
species just named appear to be confined to Cuba — none of them
occurring, as far as known, in Jamaica or the other islands, and
probably visiting Cuba only as stragglers from Florida, or en route
to Mexico and Guatemala via Yucatan.

Of the Turdidae there are several genera peculiar to one or other
of the West India Islands. Of North American genera, Mimiis has
peculiar species in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St. Domingo,
and Polioptila in Cuba.

It will be seen hereafter that these generalizations of distribution
are widely different from what prevails among the Sylvicolidas, a
much larger proportion of the species being spread in winter over
many of the West Indies, with several resident species peculiar lo
one or more of the group.

Thryothorus albinucha. — Since the preceding sheets on the
Troglodytidae were printed, I have had the opportunity of exam-
ining the type specimen of Dr. Cabot's Troglodytes albinucha
Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258, from Yalahao, Yucatan, April'
1842. I find it agrees almost exactly in size and proportions with
ThryoUior^us j^etenicus of Mr. Salvin, being only a very little smaller.
The coloration and markings are precisely similar, the only difference
being in the tail. The middle (exposed) feathers in petenicus are ashy
brown, with spotted or broken bars of black, most distinct and con-
tinuous across the middle. The other feathers are black ; the exterior
webs of the outer two and the ends of outer three marked with quad-
rate spots of Avhitish, sometimes tinged with plumbeous. In albinucha,
the upper surface of the tail has a slightly more reddish tinge, and
the bars are more broken and irregular. The quadrate whitish or
grayish blotches on the inner webs of lateral tail feathers extend
nearly to the middle of the feather, instead of being confined to the
tips. I do not observe any trace of the dusky tips to the feathers of
breast, nor of the obscure dusky bars on the flanks seen in petenicus.

These differences are, however, not incompatible with the identity
10* October, 1864.

] 50 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

of the two species, being fully represented in specimens of T. bewickii,
and I think it will be necessary to make petenicus a synonym of alhi-
nucha, and to call the species Tliryothorus albinucha. The ap-
proximation, too, of the localities, is an additional argument in favor
of this conclusion.

Total length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.15 ; exposed portion of 1st primary,
.90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.69 ;
length of bill from forehead, .82, from nostril, .54; along gape, .90; tarsus,
.84 ; middle toe and claw, .74 ; claw alone, .20 ; hiud toe and claw, .61 ; claw
alone, .26.

Family MOTACILLID^.

Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch
at the tip ; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior extremity of the
nostrils ; short bristles at gape, which, however, do not extend forward to
nostrils. Loral feathers soft and dense, but with bristly points ; nasal groove
filled with naked membrane, with the elongated nostrils in lower edge ; the
frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directed forward nor over-
hanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed ; the primaries nine (with-
out spurious first), of v,-hich the first three to five, considerably longer than
the succe, fedingorm the tip ; the exterior secondaries generally much emargi-
nated at the ends ; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to
the longest primaries. The tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi length-
ened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw usually very long, acute, and
but slightly curved (except in Motacilla). Inner toe cleft almost to the very
base, outer adherent for basal joint only.

The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine primaries,
with the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the
Anthinfe of this family from the Alaudidae, which they so closely
resemble in coloi'ation, habits, and lengthened hind claw. The
lengthened, slightly curved hind claw, much pointed wings, emargi-
nated secondaries — the inner ones nearly as long as the primaries —
distinguish the family from the Sylvicolidse, with which also it has
near relationships.

The following synopsis will serve to define the American genera
or subgenera of Jlofacillidsr, although it will not apply to the family
as represented in all its old-world members : —

MOTACILLIDJE. 151

Motacilla.

Tail longer than the wings ; hind claw comparatively short,
and considerably curved. Feathers of back without lighter
edges ; no spots nor streaks on breast. Tail doubly forked, or
the central feathers nearly equal to the lateral, and longer
than intermediate ones. Tip of wing formed by outer three
primaries ; the distance between the 3d and4th about one-
third that between the 4th and ."ith. Tarsi lengthened ;
claw small ; hind toe and claw shorter than the middle, its
claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone ;
lateral toes nearly equal • Motacilla,

Anthus.

Tail decidedly shorter than the wings ; less than half the whole
length of bird ; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw
lengthened ; only slightly curved. Feathers of back with
paler edges ; breast streaked with dusky.

a. Wings much pointed, and lengthened.

Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the
4th sometimes a little shorter than 3d. Hind toe and claw
as long as middle, shorter than tarsus, the claw alone
usually a little longer than the toe itself, and slightly
curved ; inner toe and claw longer than the outer ; out-
stretched toes falling short of the tip of tail ; hind toe and
claw shorter than tarsus ...... Anthus.

Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the 1st
longest, or as long as others. Legs stout, the outstretched
toes reaching almost to tip of tail. Hind toe and claw
longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the
toe proper ......... Neocorys.

b. Wings short, rounded.
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly

equal length ......... Notiocorys.

Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the 1st shorter

than 3d . Pediocorys.

MOTACILLA, Linn.

Motacilla, Linn. S. N. 1735. (Type Motacilla albn.)

The first mentioned species under 31otaciUa, in the 10th edition
of the Systema XatnriB of Linnaeus, is luscinia, or the European
Nightingale. If tliis worlv be talven as the starting point of tlie
Linnasan binomial nomenclature, it will be necessary to find some
other name for the genus, perhaps PaUenura, Pallas {fide Gray).

152 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Motacilla all>a.

MotaciUa alba, Linx. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 331.— Keys. & Blas.
Wirb. Europ. 1S4U, xlix, and 174.— Deglaxd, Orn. Europ. I, 1849,
433. — Reinhardt, Isis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). — Newtox, Baring-
Gould's Iceland, 18G3, App. ("rather plentiful").

Figure : Gould, Birds Europe, 143.

Hah. Continental Europe, rarer in England ; Iceland ; Greenland (only two
specimens seen) ; Siberia : Syria ; Nubia.

(9410, % , Nurnberg.) Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with sides
of head and neck, white ; the remaining portion of head and neck above and
below to the jugulum, black ; the rest of under parts white. Upper parts ashy
gray, including rump ; the upper tail coverts tinged with black. Wings with
two conspimious bands and the outer edges of the secondaries white. Tail
feathers black ; the outer two white, edged with black internally. Bill and
legs black.

Length, 7.30 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 3.90 ; bill from nostril, .37 ; tarsus, .86 ;
hind toe and claw, .50.

MotaciUa yarrelli, a closely allied species, by some considered a
variety only, differs in having the rump black, the ashy of the back
glossed with blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail
feathers broader.

I have given a description of this species on account of its occur-
rence in Greenland, and thus a member of the Fauna of Xorih
America. The specimen described is from Xiirnberg, Germany.

ANTHUS, Bechst.

Anthus, Bechst. Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802 (Agassiz). (Type
Alauda spinoletta).—B\mi), Birds N. Am. 1858, 232.

I do not find the generic characters employed by European authors
to subdivide Anthus very satisfactory or constant. They consist
mainly in the varying size of the bill, the relative proportion of the
innermost secondaries to the longer primaries, and that of the hind
claw to the toe proper. In examining series of the North American
species I find considerable variations in this respect among different
individuals : in Neocorys, for instance, one specimen has the longest
secondary equal to the 6th primary ; in another nearly equal to the
4th. Similar differences occur in Anthus ludovicianus, where also
the hind claw is sometimes shorter than the toe itself, sometimes
longer.

The most permanent and appreciable characters seem to be those
based on the length of the outer primaries : thus in one group, to
which we may restrict the name Aitthus, this tip is formed by the

ANTHUS. 153

outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong
A. ludovicianus, and the European spinoletta, obscio'us, pratensis,
and cei'vinus. In a second section, of which there appear to be no
American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three
feathers only, and to it belong arhureus, campestris, and ricJiardi.
Each of these has been made the type of a genus : Fipiastes, Agro-
doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority
of date. A. arhureus has the hind claw I'ather shorter and more
curved than the rest.

All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see,
excepting Anfhiis ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different
type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo-
corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the
South American species again, while mo«t nearly related to Neocorys
in these respects, differ from both Keocoi-ys and Anthus in the less
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip
of the wing formed by four primaries (Xotiocorys) ; the other (Pedio-
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing,
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad ; of
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to
A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not attempted
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species.

Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit-
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections
above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis-
tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question
on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all
these names in a subgeneric sense only.

a. Anthus, Bechst.
Anthus ludovicianus.

Alauda ludoviciana, Gii. S. N. I, 1788, 793. — Anthus ludovicianus, Licht.
Verz, 1823, 37 ; also of Audubon & Bonaparte. — Baird, Birds N,
Am. 1858, 232.— CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— Sclatek,
P. Z. S, 1S5G, 296 (Cordova).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.— Scl.

154 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

& Salv. Ibis, 1850, 9 (Guatemala).— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859,

29, autumn.— BlakistoiN, Ibis, 1862> 4 (Saskatchewan).
Alauda rubra, Gm. ; Aluuda rufa, Wils. ; Anthus spmoletta, Bon., Aup. ;

Alauda pennsylvanicu, Bkiss. ; ? Alauda peiutsylvunica, Bonn. Encjcl.

Meth. I, 1790, 319.
?MuiaciUa hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503. — Vieillot, Encycl.

Meth. II, 1823, 447.
Anthus pennsyhanica, Zander ; Anthus aquaticus, Aud. ; Anthus pipiens,

AuD. ; Anthus n/te«s, Mekreji. ; Anthus reinAarrffu, Holboll, Fauna

Greenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland).
Figures : Aud. B. A. Ill, pi. 140.— Is. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 80.— Wilson,

V, pi. 89.
Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland ; Bermuda ; south to Orizaba,
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. {Galke). Not noted in
West Indies.

In spring the colors are purer than in autumn ; the upper parts
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The hill and legs also
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller.

An Anthus labelled A. rupestria (obscurus), from Greenland, is
not appiieciably different from true ludocicianus; the legs being
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the
same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green-
land bird, aud the ludovicianus {reinhardtii of Holboll) is said to
be common, I presume there is an error in the label.

This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of
North America, and probably far into South America, as there are
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which,
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish
from typical ludovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its
occurrence in Europe ; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the
Korth Sea, where Herr Giitke has found so many stragglers from
America aud Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe.

Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, as also
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon
or Fort Anderson). Others are as follows : —

ANT H us.

155

Smith-
so aian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

18,592?

32,176

32,462

3,398
1S9

d

Greenland.
Cape St. Lucas.
Orizaba, Mex.

Nov. 23, '59.

Copenhagen Mus.

J. Xantus.

Prof. Sumichrast.

J. Xantus.

Prof. Sumichrast.

(18,592?) Labelled A. rupestris.

Autlius pratensis.

Alauda pratensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 287. — Arifhuf! pratensis, Bechst.
Deutsch. Viigel, III, 1807, 732.— Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europas,
1840, 172.— Zander, Cab. Jour. I, extra ed. heft, 1853, 60.— Paul-
sen, ed. HoLBOLL, Faun. Gronlands, 1846, 24. — Reinhakdt, Ibis,
1861, 6. — Newton, Gould's Iceland, 1863.

Figures : Gould's Birds Europe, pi. 136.

Hab. Europe generally ; accidental in Greenland ; common in Lapland
(Newton),

This species in general form resembles the A. ludovicianus, the
fifth primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than
the outer four; the bill and legs quite similar. The average size
appears much the same. The upper parts are, however (especially
the head and back), more distinctly streaked with dusky; the edge
and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not white, and the upper plumage
and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. The shafts of
the middle tail feathers above are whitish, not dark-brown ; the under
parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark-brown. The
bill is dusky, the base and edges paler ; the legs dusky flesh color,
not dark-brown.

I introduce this species here as having been found in Greenland,
although Reinhardt mentions only one instance of its occurrence.
The specimens examined are from Denmark.

b. Neocorys, Sclater.

Neocorys, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 5. (Type Alauda spraguei, AuD.) —
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 233.

Anthus spraguei.

Alauda spraguei, Aud. B. A. VII, 1843, 335, pi. 486. — Agrodoma spraguei,
Baird, Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 329. — Neocorys spraguei, Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1857, 5.— Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 234.— Blakiston,
Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).

Hab. Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan.

156

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

The description of this species, as given in the Birds of North
America, was taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Audu-
bon. A second sliin, collected by Capt. Blakiston on the Forks of
the Saskatchewan, differs in having the tertials nearly as long as
the primaries (about one-tenth of an inch shorter). The hind claw,
too, is considerably longer, measuring .53 of an inch, instead of .46.
In other respects the specimens appear similar. A similar discre-
pancy in length of hind claw is seen in Anthus ludovicianus, where
it is sometimes considerably longer than the toe alone.

Smith-
sonian
No.

1
Collec- Sex
tor's and
No. Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

1,8S4
16,766

Fort Union, Dae.
Saskatchewan.

1S43.

S. F. Baird.
Capt. Blakiston.

J. J. Audubon.

(1,S84.) Type specimen.

c. NoTiocoRYS, Baird.
Notiocorys, BAipD. (See page 151 of present work.)

Anthus riiftis.

fAlauda rufa, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 798 (based on petite Alouette de

Buenos Ayres, Bdff. pi. enl. 738, 1).
? Anthus rufus, Burm. Syst. Uebersicht, III, 1856, 118 (Brazil).
Anthus rufus, Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).

Hab. Isthmus Panama (and eastern South America?).

(277, Lawr. coll., % .) Outer four primaries very nearly equal and longest,
the 5th mediate between 4th and 6th. Inner secondaries nearly equal to
primaries. Hind toe and claw nearly equal to the tarsus ; the claw rather
longer than its digit, sharp, moderately curved ; outstretched toes reaching
the end of tail.

Above dusky brown, the feathers edged laterally with pale fulvous ; most
so on the hind neck, least on the middle of the back. Beneath soiled white,
with a faint tinge of yellowish ; perhaps very faintly fulvous on crissum and
on breast. A pale line over the eye ; ear coverts and sides of neck as de-
scribed on the hind ne(!k ; rest of cheeks slightly specked with dusky.
JUgulum and sides of breast, and edge of wing on the inside, with shaft
streaks of dusky, which at the ends widen into arrow-shaped spots. Wing
feathers edged as described, the 1st primary more gray, the secondaries more
olivaceous. Outer tail feathers white, with a streak of dusky along the edge
of inner web for basal half, the next similar, with the dusky streak extending
nearly to the end of the inner web, and nearly as wide as the white portion.
(Third feather wanting in the specimen.) Bill dusky above, pale below, be-
coming darker to the tip ; legs flesh coior.

ANTE us.

15T

Total length, 4.35 ; wing, 2.26 ; tail, 1.94; difference between 1st and 6tli
quills, .32 ; length of bill fronti forehead, .51, from nostril, .35, along gape,
.61; tar.'^us, .77; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20; hind toe and
claw, .70; claw alone, .40

This species is much like Neocorys spraguei in appearance, though
much smaller (an inch and a half shorter), and with a greenish-yellow
gloss on the under parts, wanting in the former. The coloration is
otherwise very similar. The wings are shorter and not so much
pointed, the 5th quill being half way between the 4th and 6th, instead
of being two-fifths of the total distance from the 6th, and three-fifths
from the 4th. The hind toe and claw are perhaps not quite as long,
but still about equal to the tarsus, "^"^latever, therefore, be the
validity of the genus Neocorys, the N. spraguei appears to be the
nearest relative of the present species, agreeing with it in shorter
tail and longer legs compared with Anthus, but differing from both
in the shorter, more rounded wings.

I am by no means certain of the correctness of identification of
the specimen. No South American birds are, perhaps, in a greater
state of confusion than the Titlarks ; and in the absence of accurate
indications of the proportions of the quills, etc., so necessary in de-
fining species which vary so little in color, it is exceedingly difficult
to come to an accurate conclusion on the subject. It is not at all
improbable that the present species may prove to be undescribed, as
it is its diminutive size, rather than anything else, that has caused
its reference to the Alauda rufa of Gmelin.

Smith- CoUec-

soaiaa
No.

tor's
No.

Sex
Ajje.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Panama R. R.

Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

M'Lean. & Galb.

d. Pediocorys, Baird.

Pediocorys, Baird. (See page 151 of the present work.)

Although there are no members of the present section known with
certainty to belong to North or Middle America, I describe the two
South American species before me as a contribution to the history
of the ffenus.

Antlius Ibogotensis.

Anthus boffoiensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S55, 109, pi. 101 ; 1858, 550 (Bo-
gota and Ecuador).

158

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Anthus rtifescens, D'Orb. & Lafr. Mag. Zool. 1S3G.— D'Okb. Voyage,
226 (Bolivia). Not rufescens of Teinminck.

(30,912, Quito.) Plumage very dense and full on the under parts ; wings
broad, their point formed by the outer five primaries, of which the 4th is
lougest ; then 3d, and 5th equal 2d, little shorter; the first .14 shorter than
the 5th, and .20 longer than Gth, about equal to the longest secondary. Tail
moderately forked, rather shorter than the wings. Hind claw quite consider-
ably curved, and short, about eqiial to its digit.

Feathers of upper parts light brownish-yellow, streaked centrally and con-
spicuously with dark-brown ; scarcely appreciable on the wing coverts, which
are more rufous. Ocular regions with under parts pale buff, lighter posteriorly
and on chin and lores ; darker on the inside of the wings. Sides of neck streaked
with dark-brown, and a series of scarcely appreciable dusky spots in the tips
of the feathers across jugulum, very few in number (scarcely more than one
row). Quills broadly edged internally with dull cinnamon. Outer tail feathers
rufous, or brownish-white at tip and for about exterior half, including the
region both sides the shaft ; second feather with slight streaks of the same
along the end of the shaft ; other feathers dark-brown, edged like the back.
Bill brown, whitish at base below. Legs flesh color.

A second specimen (35,035) agrees much better with Dr. Sclater's descrip-
tion, in being paler on the belly and crissum ; darker above ; the hind claw
longer (.55). The wing formula difl'ers in being 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, and the Gth quill
is exactly midway from the 5th and 7th (.17 of an inch).

Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.35; tail, 2.90; length of bill from forehead,
.62, from nostril, .37 ; along gape, .80 ; tarsus, .90 ; middle toe and claw, .83 ;
hind toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, .40.

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

1
CoUeVted. Received from Collectedly

30,912
35,03j

Quito, Ecuador.
Ecuador.

C. K. Buckalew.

1 J. Aljhurst.

1

Antlius — .

(21,035, 'J, , Uruguay.) Wings not much longer than the tail ; the rounded
point formed by five outer primaries ; wing formula 3.4=2, 1, 5, the latter
which is one-fourth the distance from 4th to 6th. Inner secondaries rather
shorter than the 5th quill. Feet much as in Neocorys ; the hind claw nearly
straight, rather longer than its digit.

All feathers of upper parts blackish-brown, conspicuously margined on each
side (but not at tips) with brownish-yellow, which becomes grayish towards
the ends (except perhaps on the lower back) ; these margins proportionally
widest on the hind neck. Under parts soiled white, with a pale brownish or
bull' (not yellow) tinge ; palest on throat, crissum, and middle of belly, deepest
on inside of wing and inner margin of quills ; the feathers of jugnlum, upper
breast, and sides of body with conspicuous shaft streaks of blackish-brown ;
feathers on the sides tinged throughout with pale brownish. Loral, ocular.

ANTHUrf.

159

and superciliary region grayisli-wliite ; rest of cheeks speckled with brownish.
The blackish ground color of upper surface of wings almost concealed by the
broad edgings of yellowish-brown, varying in shade of color, and becoming
much paler on the outer primaries, inner secondaries, and greater wing coverts.
Tail feathers dark-brown ; the outer brownish or soiled white on the outer web,
and on the inner web along the shaft from near the base, widening to the end
so as to embrace the tip ; next feather with outer web and a short terminal
streak only white, the remaining feathers narrowly edged externally with the
same. Bill dusky, except at base below ; legs flesh color.

Total length, 5.70 ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.65 ; difference between 3d and 5th
quills, .10 ; between 3d and Gth, .3(3 ; length of bill from forehead, ,56, from
nostril, .35; along gape, .65; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .75; claw
alone, .22 ; hind toe and claw, .96 ; claw alone, .52.

A specimen (26,3(52) which was sold to Dr. Leidy, as from westera
North America, is scarcely distinguishable in any respect, except the
purer white of tail and rather paler colors ; and I am inclined to
think that it really came, like the preceding bird, from Uruguay, as
it is of precisely the same " make up" of skin, and was obtained
from the father of the collector (Chr. Wood), who accompanied
Capt. Page. It is, however, proper to state that a brother of this
same collector (W. S. Wood) obtained many specimens of birds
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains ; and if the bird in
question really came thence, it will be necessary to introduce the
species into the Fauna of North America.

This species is quite similar in external appearance to Neocorys
spraguei, and of about the same size. The wings are, however,
considerably shorter and more rounded ; the point of the wing
formed by five, not four quills. The legs are much the same. There
is a much greater preponderance of reddish-brown on the upper
parts, and of buff below ; the axillars are brownish, not grayish-
white, and there is much less white (and of less purity) on the tail.

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoHec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and

Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

21,0.3)
26,362

100

cT

Uruguay.
Uruguay?

Aug. 1S60.

Capt. T. J. Page.
Dr. Leidy.

Chr. Wood.
? ?

IgO REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Family SYLYIC0LID^.»

The Syli-icoUdse are essentially characterized among the Oscines
with nine primaries," by their small size, the i>sually slender and
conical insectivorous bill, shorter than the 4iead, without angle in
the gape near the base ; the toes deeply cleft so as to leave the inner
one free almost to its very base (except in Mniotiltese), etc. The
shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of a deeply fissured tip,
distinguishes the family from the Gserehidse, to some of which there
is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt hook

• A diagnostic table of families will be given as an appendix to the work.

* Although we speak of the absence of the outer or first primary, and the
presence of nine only as characterizing most of the Oscines, the expression is
not strictly correct, as in all cases where I have made a careful search, I have
never failed to find the first primary in a rudimentary condition. Indeed
the gradation from the very short, though evident spurious primary of some
of the Vireos, to the stage in others of the genus where this primary appears
entirely wanting, is merely the diflerence between its being placed so as to rest
on the inner side of the basal portion of the shaft of the outer large feather
or moved round so as to lie on its outer side. It occupies the terminal
joint of the wing, just as when well developed, and is only overlooked be-
cause confounded with the coverts of the primaries. Its presence can easily
be demonstrated by comparing the wing of a Thrush, with distinct first pri-
mary, and that of a Sparrow, Swallow, or other bird, in which this primary is
wanting (very well seen in Qaiscalus). In the Thrush, for instance, there will
be seen the usual coverts on the outside of the primaries, each one with its
sheath inserted into that of the corresponding primary, and resting a little on
the external side of the barrel of the quill. The first quill lacks a covert ;
all the rest, nine in number, have one each. The first covert is usually much
shorter than the rest, and stands singly when there is a distinct, though
abbreviated first primary, as in Titrdus. In a Sparrow, however, or Quisralus,
there appears to be a second short covert, immediately beneath the one just
referred to, but which, on examination, is seen to occupy the true place of the
deficient first primary. Whenever, therefore, there are apparently only nine
primaries, it is probable that two of these short stiff feathers will be found,
and with ten distinct primaries only one will be found. When there is any
peculiar coloration of the primaries, not seen in the other feathers of the
wing, this second of the short feathers will have it, and not the outside one,
as will be referred to more particularly hereafter, especially under Vireo
flnrifrons.

SYLVICOLID.E. 161

and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonidse
as have nine primaries. To the I'miagridse, through the slender-
billed forms as Chlorospingus, Nemosia, Ghlorochrysa, etc., the
relationship is very close ; so much so that, by many, both families
are included in one. What the real differences are, I may hereafter
be able to point out more satisfactorily than I can at present.

The American Motacillidda are distinguished by the emargination
of the outer, and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, as well
as by other features referred to under that family. Anthns, in par-
ticular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved hind claw.

There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer
than to the Gserebidse. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of
a somewhat similar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at
that many species in each family have been indifferently assigned to
either. The genus Helminthoi^haga, for instance, can scarcely be
so defined as to distinguish it from Coniro strum, excepting by the
characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a skin. What the
external features of distinction are, I hope to show hereafter. I am
by no means sure that some species even now retained among the
Sylvicolidx would not be more appropriately placed in Gserebidse,
as Helminthophaga hachmani, Panda gufturalis, etc.

The tongue in the SylvicoUdse is horny for the greater portion of
its extent ; more or less deeply bifid at the tip for about one-fourth
or one-fifth the length, the branches fringed or lacerated along their
external margin. It is short and rather broad at the base, and not as
extensible, as in the Gserebidse. The essential difference in structure
from that of the Gserebidse seems to be that, in some of the latter,
as Glossiptila and Gerihiola, there is a second vertical plane erected
along the inner edge of the bifm-cation or division of the tip of the
tongue, and more or less perpendicular to it, Avhich is itself lacerated
or fringed, so as to increase materially the size of the terminal brush.
In Ghlorophanes and Dacnis this vertical plane is folded outward
upon the horizontal lamina, and perhaps partially or entirely ad-
herent, and thickening considerably the inner portion of the fork.
The primary bifurcation of the tongue, however, in all the Gserebidse,
is also much deeper (about one-third the whole length), and the
lateral fringe extends much further along the base. There are other
differences in the tongues of the Gserebidse, of generic import, which
will hereafter be dwelt on more at length.

To the general character of the tongue in the Sylmcolidse, however,
that of "Deyidroica iigrina^^ forms a striking exception in its approxi-
mation to the Gserebine character, especially that of GeiHhiola. The

11 November, 1864.

162 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

tongue, in this instance, is much longer, and narrower than usual;
bifid for more than one-third its length, and fringed at the end, much
as in Certhiola. It differs from other Sylvicolidse, also, in having
the sides of the tongue, from the middle, folded over and down on
the upper surface, though not adherent, nor does the lap extend quite
to the tip. This characteristic of the fold, and the absence of a ver-
tical fimbriated lamina adherent to the inner edge of the horizontal
bifurcation of the tongue, appears essentially peculiar to this bird.

This difference of the tongue in "Dendroica tigrina'^ is so funda-
mentally great, as compared with all other Sylvicolidse, that were
the other characteristics of seasonal changes of plumage, geographi-
cal distribution and migration, pattern of coloration, etc. more
similar, it would almost warrant our removing it to another family,
if not making it the type of a new one. As it is, it becomes neces-
sary to establish a new genus (Perissoglossa) for it, left now among
the Sylvicolidse, but perhaps hereafter to be transferred elsewhere.

The following diagrams of tongues of some of the Cserebidse,
Sylvicolidse, and Vireonidee have been drawn, at my request, on
wood under the microscope by Dr. W. Stimpson ; to whom, also, I
am indebted for the accompanying remarks' relative to their charac-

' " The tongues are all fissured, or bifid at the extremity, by a slit of variable
depth ; one-third the length of the tongue in Glossiptila, Certhiola, and Perisso-
glossa, but only one-sixth its length in Vireo ; in the others averaging about
one-fourth its length. By this slit two forks are formed, which are depressed,
corneous, laminiform, and incised along the extremity and outer edge by
more or less numerous fissures which form a fringe of flattened setje con-
tiguous at base, but becoming narrowed and thus separately projecting in the
same plane at their extremities. The lateral setae are transverse or even
curved backward in Glossiptila, but point obliquely forward in all the other
species.

"The inner edge of the fork is always much thicker than the external
laminar expansion, and generally ends in a sharp spine, far stronger than the
proximate setae. But in Glossiptila and Certhiola this inner edge is itself
expanded upward into a narrow lamina, which is either in a plane perpen-
dicular to the lateral expansion or folded over toward it, and this second
lamina is also divided into oblique or longitudinal setae toward its extremity.
At the extremity of the fork the two laminae are confluent, continuous, and
regularly fimbriated around the curve.

" In Certhiola and Perissoglossa the sides of the tongue at the base of the
forks are folded over and inward, but in Certhiola the folds are soldered down
■ to the base and inner edge of the forks ; while in Perissor/hssa they are not
soldered, but open outward again anteriorly before the edges become fimbri-
ated, so that the extremity of this tongue (,Perisso(jlossa) is broad, and the
Setae nearly longitudinal.

SYLVICOLID^.

163

teristics as thcj appeared to him from a purely microscopical point
of view.

]

1. Glossi}}tila rnficollis. Jamaica.

2. CerUiiola baJiamensis. Nassau.

3. (yUorophanes atricapUla. Trinidad.

4. Dncnis cayana. "

5. Perissoglostsa tigrincu Nassau.

6. Dendroicn striaia. Nassau.

7. Helmhithophagacelata. Arctic America.

8. Teretristis fornsii. Cuba.

9. Vireu barhatula. Nassau.

The following figures represent one branch of the bifurcated tip
of each tongue more highly magnified. The references are the same
as iu the preceding figures.

Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 were drawn from alcoholic specimens ; 1, 5, 7, S, and 9 from tongues
removed from the dried skin, and therefore perhaps not perfectly accurate.

" The base of tlie tongue is bifid and armed with teeth pointing backward
to prevent the escape of food. The largest teetli are at the extremities of the
two points. In Certhtola, Perissoglossa, Dendroica, and Teretristis the teeth
are all sharp, with the intermediate teeth nearly as large as the terminal
ones, and there are two or three teeth on the outer sides of the points. In
Glossiptila there is only one tooth on these outer edges. Vireo differs from
all the rest in having a broad and shallow excavation between the two points,
which are short, stout, and blunt; and the edge of this excavation is armed
■with very minute, equal teeth, while there are no true teeth on the outer
edges of the points." — Stimpson,

lC)i REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Ill further illustration of the character of the tongue in the Sylvi-
colidse, I here present the result of an examination of alcoholic
specimens of other families, some of these, unfortunately, in poor
condition.

TuRDiD^ : Tardus migratorius and sivainsoni have the tongue
rather acute, and fleshy, with horny edges and tip, Avhich is almost
entire or very slightly bifid, and its sides very little, if at all, lacerated.

Saxicolid^ : Sialia sialic. Tongue similar to last, perhaps still
less lacerated.

Sylviid^ : Begulus safrapa. Tongue rather broad ; very slightly
lacerated around the ends of the horny part, but apparently not bifid.

These three families seem to agree pretty well in having the tongue
either entire at the end, or very slightly' bifid or notched, with the
edges nearly entire. The appearance of laceration may, to a con-
siderable extent, be due to the softening of the membranes of the
horny portion of the tongue, which allows the apparently fibrous
basis to be liberated around the edges.

In the Motacillidse and SylvicoUdas the tongue differs in being
more horny, more deeply bifid at tip, and the outer edges and tip
of the two portions lacerated or coarsely divided into a fringe, usu-
ally in the ends, to a less degree on the sides, and in a direction
nearly parallel with the axis of the tongue, or radiating from the
bottom of the notch. The horny part of the tongue is quite con-
siderable, and the notch involves generally about one-third or one-
fourth of it (less of the entire tongue). In making this generaliza-
tion I have examined the following species : —

]MoTACiLLiD.a: : Anthus ludovicianus.

Sylvicolid^: MniotiUa varia ; Panda americana ; Profo-
notaria cib^ea ; Geothlypis irichas ; Icteria virens ; Teretrisiis
fornsii ; Seiurus aurocapillus and novehoracensis ; Dendroica
virens, canadensis, coronata, hlackhurnia, castanea, pennsylvanica,
striata, sestiva, macidosa, ^^tigrina,'''' 2^cih^'icirum, discolor ; Helmintho-
phaga celata and ruficapiUa ; Myiodioctes mitratus, j)'^(siUus, cana-
densis ; SetojjJiaga ruticilla — twenty-six species in all. I have not
had the opportunity of examining any species of Helmitherus or
Oporornis ; nor of Dendroica superciliosa, which I much regret.*

' I am indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the opportunity of examining Helmin-
thophaga riificapilla.

SYLVICOLID^, 165

Icteria and Teretristis do not differ from the rest, although it has
been suggested to phice the latter geuus in Ceerebidae.

The Parid^ (Farus septentrionalis, Auriparus fiaviceps, Psal-
triparus minimus, Sitta canadensis) have the tongue thicker and
more fleshy than in Sylcicolidae ; only moderately horny at ends and
tips, and only slightly bifid and lacerated, much less than in Sylvico-
lidse, and about as in Turdidse, but less horny.

The HiRUNDiNiD^ {H. horreorum and bicolor) have the tongue
short, broad, triangular, quite fleshy, with a shallow notch at end, the
sides scarcely or not at all lacerated.

The YiREONiD^ (F. crassirostris and harhatula) have the tongue
more like the Paridse than the Sylficolidse.

The characteristics of C.^rebid.e, as far as I have been able to
examine their tongues, I have already referred to in detail. The
other families of Oscines will hereafter be referred to.

In the Tyrannid^ the tongues of JIuscivora viexicana, Pifangus
derbianus, and Todirostrum are horny for most of their length,
nearly linear, or gently tapering to a blunt, almost truncated tip,
which is not bifid, but has several shoi't incisions in the end.

In the ToDiD^ the tongue of Todiis viridis is broad and linear
to the blunt tip (shaped like the bill), and throughout horny, thin-
edged and entire.

In GALBULiDiE a Galbula from South America has the tongue
equally horny, but long, narrow, tapering gently to a point, and
without any incision whatever.

In the " Birds of North America" I have dwelt at much length
upon the characters by which the North American genera of St/Ivico-
lidse are distinguished, and refer to that work for particulars, repro-
ducing here only some of the diagnostic tables, with a few modifica-
tions. These can doubtless be much improved ; but I have not time
at present to attempt to work them over again, and must content
myself here with dwelling in detail only on the forms of Middle and
South America. It will be noticed hereafter that while the Sylvico-
linas proper belong essentially to North America, it is in Middle and
South America that the Setophaginae have the greatest development.

The following synopsis is an attempt at defining the higher sub-
divisions of the Sylvicolidse. In the large numl^er of species, their
close relationships, and the very gradual transition from one form to
another, I have found it very difficult to make any arrangement by

166 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIHDS. [PART I.

which one unacquainted with the subject can readily determine the
group to which a species or genus may belong.

Bill conical ; its bristles very short, or u-aniiiir;,

Sylvicolinae. Bill conical, or about as higli as wide, or even
higher, opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not
reaching beyond the nostrils or none. Tip of bill not hooked ;
with or without a faint notch ; commissure nearly straight.
Wings long and pointed ; considerably longer than the
narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak ; tarsi not
as long as the head (except in Mniotilta).

Uas^l joint of inner toe adherent for its basal half; basal
Joint of outer toe, and part of the next, adherent (in all
other SyhicoUdce the inner toe cleft nearly to the base,
and second joint of outer toe free). Hind toe lengthened,
nearly equal to the middle ; the digit considerably longer
than the claw. Creeping Warblers. Genera : Mniotilta,
Panda ......... JIniotiltece.

Hind toe but little, if any, longer than the lateral ; tJie
digit about equal to the claw.

Bill entirely without notch, except Proton otarius ;
no rictal bristles. Swamp Warblers. Genera : Pro-
tonotarius, Helminthophaga, Helmitherus . . Vennivorece.

Bill notched. Rictus with distinct bristles, reaching
nearly to the nostrils. Wood Warblers. Genera :
Perissoglossa, Dendroica ..... Sylvicolecc.

Geothl3rpinae. Bill much as in Sylvicolince ; with distinct notch ;
slender, or stout, the culmen gently curved ; the commis-
sure nearly straight. Legs much developed ; tarsi longer
than the skull. Bristles of rictus short, but appreciable.
Ground Warblers.
Wings pointed ; longer than the nearly even tail. Genera :

Seiurus, Oporornis ....... Seuirece.

Wings much rounded ; shorter than the graduated tail.

Genus : Geothlypis ....... Geothlypece.

Icterianae. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culmen and
commissure much curved. Wings much rounded ; shorter
than the tail.

Bill very high. Tail graduated. Outer toe deeply cleft.

Genera : Icteria, Granatellus ...... Icteriece.

Bill slender. Tail nearly even. Outer toe adherent for

basal half. Genus : Teretristis ..... Teretristece.

MNIOTILTA. 1C7

Bill depressed; rictus ivith lomj hrislles.

Setophaginae. Bill miich depressed ; considerably broader than
high ; the tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch.
Bristles lengthened, reaching half way or more from the
nostrils to tip of bill.

The synopsis of the sections and generic characters of the Seto-
johaginse will be found further on under the head of that subfamily.

As already remarked, the species of Sylvicolidse, as here re-
stricted, are all of very small size, scarcely exceeding six inches in
length, usually less ; Icteria alone is larger.

S0BFAMILY SYLVIC0Lm.a3,

MNIOTILTA, ViEiLL.

Mniotilta, ViEiLLOT, Analyse, ISIG, 45. (Type Figuier varie% Buff.
(^Motacilla varia, Lixx.)).

M^niotilta varia.

MotaciUa varia, LiXN. S. N. 1, 1766, 333. — Cerihia varia, Vieillot ; Au-
dubon. — Mniotilta varia, Vieillot, Gal. Ois. I, 1834, 276, pi. 169.
— AuD., GossE. — Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 235. — Sclatek, P. Z. S.

1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1855, 143 (Bo-
gota) ; 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mex.).— Ib. Catal.
1861, 25, no. 162.— Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— New-
Tox, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Crnz ; winter).— Cab. Jour. Ill, 475 (Cuba ;

winter). — Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1859 (Bahamas; April 20).

GossE, Birds Jam. 134 (Jamaica; winter). — .Jones, Nat. Bermuda,

1859, 29 (October).— Cab. Jour. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).— Law-
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R. ; winter).—
GuNDL. Cab. Jouru. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).

Certhia maculata, WiLS. — Mniotilta borealis, Nutt.

Mniotilta varia, var. longirostris, Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxi, no.

167.— Ib. Catal. in 8vo. 1859, no. 167*.
Figures: Aud. Orn. Biog. V, pL 90; Birds Am. II, pi. 114. — Wilson,

Am. Orn. Ill, pi. xix.

Hab. Eastern province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson.
Both coasts of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and south-
ward to Bogota. Whole West Indies and Bermuda.

Localities quoted. Bahamas ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; .Jamaica ; Santa Cruz ; W.
Indies ; Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, Mex. ; Guatemala ; Panama R. R. ; Bo^^ota.

168

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

I have notliing especial to add to the account of this species con-
tained in the " Birds of Xorth America," except to say that the
diii'ereuces there referred to in the length of the bill are seen in the
more recent specimens, and belong more particularly to southern
sliins. Dr. Brewer considers the eggs of the southern bird so differ-
ent as to warrant their specific separation. I find it, however, very
difficult to express the differences other than as consisting iu longer
bill and less degree of black beneath.

This species is remarkable as occurring at Mazatlan and Colima,
and not in California or the Rocky Mountains.

Sraith-

CoUec-

Sex

When

Collected.

soniaa

tor's

aiul

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

32,622

997

Fort Simpson.

May 28, '61.

B. R. Ross.

iSies.*

,-r

Porlsmouth, N. H.

Dr. E. Coues.

4,6S0

Mo. ofVermiliou.

May 5.

Lt. Warren.

Dr. llayden.

68

rr

Carlisle, Pa.

May, 1839.

S F Baird.

10,10j

South Illinois.

April.

R. Keniiicott.

32,227

rf

Liberty County, Ga.

Prof. Leconte.

S,673

C^ape Florida.

Sept. 2.3, '57.

G. Wuidemann.

22,145

y

Spauishtowu, Jam.

W. T. M.uch.

24.356

26

f<

"

Nov. 4, '61.

'■

23,308

d"

Trelawney, Jam.
Santa Cruz.

Jan. 1.3, '59.
Mar. 21, '57.

Dr. Sclater.
Alfred Newton.

W. O.sburn.

23,516

rf

Moate Veide, Cuba.

Jan. 17, '61.

Chas. Wright.

34,019

126

Mazatlau.

A. J. Grayson.

29.357

122

H"

Coliiua, Max.

Feb. 1S63.

John Xautus.

30.666

179

Retaleuleu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

0, Salvin.

Salvin & Godraan.

30,667

177

Dueua.s, Guat.

"

34,102

<^

Punta Arena.s, C. R.

Jan. 1864.

Capt. Dow.

33,268

ei

Sau Jo.se, C. II.

Dr. V. Frantzius.

34,646

d-

Angostura, C. R.

Mar. 9, '64.

J. Carniol.

PARULA, Bon.

Chloris, BoiE, Isis, 182(3, 972 (not of MffiiiRiNG, 1752). (Type Parus

americanus, L.)
Sijlvicola^ SwAiNsoN, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 160 (not of Humphrey,

Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, 60). (Same type.)
Panda, Bon., Geog. Cotnp. Cat. 1838. (Same type.)
Compsothlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 20. (Same type.) (Panda

rejected as contrary to the Linniean canons of nomenclature.)

If Moehring's genera are rejected as made prior to the establish-
ment of the Linntean binomial nomenclature, and by a non-binomial
author, there is, perhaps, no reason why Boie's name Chloris should
not be adopted for this group. I, however, leave the matter in
abeyance for the present.

PARULA. 1G9

The following synopsis may aid in determining the species of
Panda : —

A. Color above plumbeous blue, with a triangular interscapular

patch of olive ; beneath yellow anteriorly. Lateral tail
feathers with a square patch of white on inner webs.

Yellow reaching only to breast. Feathers of jugulum

clouded with dark brownish. Eyelids only white.

White patches on three lateral tail feathers. Two white

bands on wings amerlcana.

Yellow extending over the belly. Jugulum only slightly

varied with ochraceous. No white on side of head.

white patches on two lateral tail feathers. Two white

bands on wings. Forehead and lores black . . . pityatjumi.
Similar to last, but without white on the wings. Jugulum

not ochraceous ........ inornata.

B. Above ashy. No white on wings and tail, except on inner

margins of lateral tail feathers. Beneath yellow or red
anteriorly.

From chin to breast yellow, with a well defined brown
crescent on throat. Whole back olivaceous. A stripe
over eye, and eyelids white ...... siiperciliosa.

From chin to jugulum plain orange-red. A crescentic
saddle of black on the back. Ko white on side of head.
Lores black ......... (juituralls.

Pariila aniericana.

Parus americanns, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. I, 1758, 190. — Motacilla am,
Gmelin. — Sylvia am. Lath., Aitd. — Sylvicola am. Rich., Aud. —
Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1839, 59. — Panda am. Box. List Birds N. A.
1838. — GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 154 (Jamaica). — Baikd, Birds N.
Am. 1858, 238.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).— Ib. Ibis,
1859, 10 (Guatemala).— Ib. CataL 1861, 26, 163.— Newton, Ibis,
1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1860, 376
(St. Thomas). — GnNDLAcn, Cub. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very com-
mon\. — Compsothlypis am. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 20. — Ib. Jour. Ill,
1855, 476 (Cuba).

Ficedula ludoviciana, Brisson. — MotacUla lud. Gm. — Motacilla eqnes,
BoDD. — Sylvia torquata, Vieill. — lliryothorus torq. Stephens.—
Sylvia pusitlu, Wils. — Sylvicola pus. Swains.

Figures : Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. xv. — Ib. B. A. II, pi. 91. — Vieill. Ois.
Am. II, pi. 99. — Wils. Am. Orn. IV, pi. xxviii. — Buffon, pi. enl.
731, fig. 1 ; 709, fig. 1.

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to the Lakes, west to the
Missouri Valley ; in winter south to Guatemala (not seen on the west coast
of Mexico). West Indies ; Bahamas ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; St. Croix ; St. Thomas.

no

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soQian

No.

tor's
No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,301

Halifax, N. S.

W. G. Winton.

2,219

cf

Carlisle.

May 3, '4.5.

S. F. Baird.

338

V

"

May 1, '41.

8,617

Cape Florida.

Sept. 27, '57.

G. Wurdemann.

4,671

Mo. of Platte River.

April 27,'56.

Lt Warren.

Dr. Hayden.

29,629

V

Fermina, Cuba.

Feb. IS.

C. Wriirht.

24,341

3j

d

Spanishtown, Jam.
Santa Crnz.

Nov. 6, '61.
Mar. 24, '57.

W. T. March.
A. & E. Newton.

30,669

132

Coban, Vera Paz.

Nov. IS, '59.

0. Salviu.

Salvin&Godman.

Pariila pitiayuiui.

Sylvia pitiayumi, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. II, 1816, 276. — Compsothhjpis,
pit. Cab. Mus. Hein. 21. — Parula pit. Sclatek, Cat. 26, no. 165.

Sylvia venusta, Temm. PL Col. 293, fig. 1.— D'Okb. Voy. IV, 1844; Ois.
218. — Sylvicola ven. Bdrm. Uebers. Ill, 116.

Sylvia plumbea, Swatns. Zool. 111. II, 1821-2, pi. 139.

Panda hrasiliana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 137;
1860, 213.—Compsothlypis bras. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143 (Bogota).

Hab. Soutli America, generally to Paraguay ; Ecuador ; Bogota ; Trinidad.

(20,972.) Above plurubeous-bhie, with a patch of olive-green in middle of
back, as in P. amcricana. Beneath rich yellow ; slightly ochraceous on the
jugulum ; the inside of wings, anal region, and crissum snowy white. Frontal
band and loral region black ; ears dusky. Two patches of white on the wing.
A square patch of white on inner web of outer tail feather near the end ; a
smaller one on the next feather. Females scarcely dififerent, though duller
and smaller.

Length, 4.25 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.00.

Tliis species differs from P. americana, to which it is nearly allied,
by the greater extension backwards of a deeper yellow, and absence
of the decided brown mark of jugulum ; the black frontal and loral
patch ; less amount of white on wing, and the spots on tail not ex-
tending to the third feather.

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. Xewton, has the
breast and jugulum more ochraceous than any other before me.

Smith-, Collec-

souian tor's

No. No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

20,972
16,33.5
1,819
32,698
24,967
30,612

56
99

40,430

?
?

Parana River.
Brazil.

Bogota.
Triuidad.

Mar.. 1S60.
Aug. 1S.59.

Capt. Page.

S. F. Baird.
Verreaux.
L. de Geofroy.
m; Galody.

C. Wood.

PARULA.

in

Parula inornata.

Panda inornata, Baikd.

Parula brasiliana, Sclater & Salt. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Coban, Guatemala).
Not of Light.
Hab. Guatemala and Costa Rica.

By the kindness of Mr. Salvin I have been enabled to examine a
specimen of the supposed F. pitiayumi, from Guatemala (no. 18T
(1,488) Salvin's coll., Choctun, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860), and find that
it differs sufficiently from the South American bird to entitle it to a
specific name. Mr. Salvin's specimen is probably a female ; but
compared with females of the old species it is decidedly smaller, the
tail especially, and with its feathers narrower. The tarsi are shorter.
The under parts are paler yellow, with very little or no ochraceous
on the breast. The edge of the wing is blue, not white, and the
wing lacks the two sharply defined white bands across the coverts —
their presence being only indicated by a scarcely appreciable lighten-
ing of the blue in the region of the bands.

Total length, 4.20 ; wing, 1.95 ; tail, 1.75 ; width of outer feather, .20 ;
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29 ; tarsus, .62 ; middle toe
and claw, .48 ; hind toe and claw, .37.

The comparison of this specimen has been made with an extensive
series of P. pitiayumi, from Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, and Paraguay.

Note. — Since writing the preceding article, specimens received
from Mr. Carmiol fully substantiate the distinctness of the Central
American Bird. One of these shows a little whitish on the edges of
the greater coverts, but none on the median.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

Bouian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

1S7>

1,4S8 I

34,649

V

3.3,221

rT

35,222

V

Locality.

Choctun, Vera Paz.

Ang-ustura, C. K.
Dota, C. R.

When
Collected.

Jan. 1S60.

Mar. S, '04.
Aug. 27, '64.

Eeceived from

Cab. 0. Salvin.
J. Carmiol.

Collected by

Parula superciliosa.

Conirostrum siiperciliostt7n, Haetlaub, R. Z. 1844, 215 (Guatemala). —
Parula superciliosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299. — Ib. Catal. 1861,
26, no. 164.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.
Parula mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310. — Compsotlilypis mexicana,
Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 21.
Hah. Mexico (La Parada, Oaxaca, Orizaba) ; Guatemala.

Upper parts ashy ; interscapulum and whole back, except upper tail coverts,
olive-green ; this color tinging the lesser wing coverts. Beneath, from chin

172

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I,

to breast, yellow ; posterior to this whitish, the sides tinged with ashy. A
brown or chestnut crescent across the throat. Line from bill over the eye
along side of head, with eyelids, white. No white markings on wing and tail.
Length, 4.50; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67.

I have seen no skins marked female, but ■what I consider to be
such differ only in a smaller patch of brown on the throat.

Smith- Collec-

souian I tor's

2io. No.

10,155 I
32,G96 UO.SOO
32,-16.5 1,1.J9

Sex
and
Aire.

Locality.

Wheu
Collected.

Received from

Collected by-

Mexico.

" [rpsrion.)
Orizaba. {Alpiae

J. Gould.
Verreaux.
Prof. Sumichrast.

Parula gutturalis.

Compsothlypis (gutturalis, Cab. Jour. Om. 18G0, 329 (Costa Rica).

(30,499.) Above ashy plumljeous ; the whole interscapulum crossed by a
black crescent, the convexity posterior and extending a short distance down
the back. Beneath, from chin to breast, bright orange-red ; rest of under
parts, including lining of wings, white ; the sides and concealed centres of the
crissum light plumbeous. Lores and cheeks below line of the eye blackish.
Quills blackish ; tail feathers not so dark, edged externally with the plumbe-
ous of the upper parts. The inner webs of lateral tail feathers narrowly
edged with white. No other white markings whatever on the wings and tail,
and none appreciable on the side of head. Bill black, yellow at the base
beneath ; legs plumbeous brown.

Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 2.20 ; length along culmen, .50 ; from
nostril, .33 ; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .56 ; hind toe and claw, .40;
claw alone, .22.

This — one of the most beautiful of the American Warblers — is
so peculiar in coloration as not to require any comparison. It re-
sembles Dendroica hlackhurnia in the coloration of the throat, but
is otherwise very different. The specimen upon which the species
was based by Dr. Cabanis, was probably a female, or else in autumnal
dress.

It is not at all impossible that anatomical examination may show
this species to be more nearly related to the Cserebidse than to the
Sylvicolidae.

Smith- C.iUec-: Sex

soniaa tor's aud

No. No. 1 Atte.

Locality.

Whpn
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

30,404 14
3o,220

Costa Rica. [C. R. (
cT Raucho Redondo, Sept. 17, '64

Dr. Frantzius.
J. Carmiol.

J. Carmiol.

PROTOXOTARIA.

1T3

PROTONOTARIA, Baikd.
Protonotaria, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239. (Tyjje Motacilla citrea, Bodd.)

Protoiiotaria citrea.

Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Tabl. 1783 (PI. enl. 704, fig. 2).— Protonotaria
citrea, Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239.— Sclatek, Catal. 1861, 26,
no. 166. — GuNDL. Cub. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).— i7eZ-
minthophaga citrea, Cab. Jour. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).

Motacilla protonotarius, Gm. — Sylvia prat. Lath. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.
II, pi. Ixxxiii. — Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, pi. sxiv, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn.
Biog. II, pi. iii. — Vermivora prot. Bon. — Helinaia prot. Acd. — Ilel-
mitherus prot. Bon. — Compsothlypis prot. Cab. Jour.

Motacilla auricollis, Gmel. I, 1788, 984. — Sylvia aur. Lath., etc. (based
on Le Grand Figiiicr du Canada, Brisson, Ois. Ill, 1760, 508, pi.
xxvi, fig. 1). Female. — Sylvicola aur. Nutt. Man. I, 1840, 431.

Hah. Eastern province of U. S. (southern region) ; Cuba, Costa Rica, and,
Panama R. R. IS'ot recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. Accidental in New
Brunswick (G. A. Boardman in letter).

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

10,112

7,516

18,681

12.146

34,102

d

Locality.

S. Illinois.
Independence, Mo.
Neosho Falls, Kans.
Cherokee Nation.
Punta Arenas, C. R.
Panama.

When
Collected.

May 9.
1857.

June 25.
Jan. 1864.
1863.

Received from

R. Kennicott.
W. Jf. JIagraw.
B F. Goss.
Dr. Woodhouse.
Capt. J. M. Dow.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

(34,102.) Iris dark chestnut.

HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanls.
Ilehninthophaga, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1, 1S50-1, 20. (Type Sylvia ruJicapiUa, Wils.)

The discovery, since tlie article on Helminthophaga in " Birds 2^.
Am." was written, of two new species, allied to ruficapiUa, in having
a concealed brown patch in the crown, renders a new diagnosis de-
sirable of section B.

B. Tail without any conspicuous white patch, and wings without
light bands.

Concealed patch in crown orange-brown. Color uniformly

olive-green above and yellowish beneath . . . celata.
Concealed patch in crown chestnut-brown.

Olive-green above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath,

including lining of wings, bright yellow. Wing and

tail feathers edged with olive ..... nijicapilla.

Cinereous above ; the rump and crissum yellowish.

Beneath, with lining of wings, dirty white, tinged

174

REVIEW OF AMERICAX BIRDS.

[r.lRT I.

with yellow on throat aud breast. Wing and tail
feathers edged with ashy virglnke.

Cinereous above ; whitish beneath. Upper tail coverts
chestnut-brown, as in the vertex. A dull patch of
white on outer tail feather ..... luclcc.
No concealed patch in the crown.

Olive above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath, with
lining of wing, white. A dull patch of white on
outer tail feather ....... pcregrina.

From an examination of the recorded localities of Helminthophaga
it will be seen that, of the eight known species, one (celafa) belongs
to the western and middle provinces — straggling into the eastern,
especially along its borders ; two (virginise and Incise) are confined
to the southern region of the middle province ; while the other five
belong exclusively to the eastern province, most of them rather
southern in their range. Of these five, pinus and ruficapilla have
no West Indian localities given ; the others, cTiryaoptera, bachmani,
aud peregrina are very rare there, and found only in Cuba. Their
distribution in Mexico and Central America is varied ; but they
hardly belong at all to western Mexico. The most notable feature
in the distribution of both Hehninthopjhaga and HelmUherus, is
their not occurring in the West Indies at all except in Cuba, which
may be merely a stepping stone in the migration between Florida
and Central America, by way of Yucatan.

Helmintliopliiaga pinus.

Certhla pinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 187. — Syhia pinus, Lath., Vieill.

(not of Wilson). — Helminthophaga pinus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858,

254. — ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). — Sclater,

Catal. 1861, 28, no. 176.
Sylvia solitaria, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, pi. xv. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi.

XX. — Sglvicola sol. Rich. — Vermivo>-a sol. Sw. — Ileiinaia sol. Aud.

B. A. II, pi. cxi. — Helmitherus sol. Bon. — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

291 (Cordova). — Helminthophaga sol. Cab.

Hub. Eastern province of U. S. (rather southern) : Eastern Mexico ; Guate-
mala. Recorded localities : Cordova, Mex. ; Cohan, Guat. Not noted from
West Indies.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

soDian

tor's

and

No.

No.

Age.

2,229

rT

6,983

61

rf

12,19;-)

V

30.670

3,817

32,708

32,620

cT

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
St. Loni.s, Mo.
Creek Nation.
Cobaa, Vera Paz.
Slexico.

When
Collected.

May 6, '4-3.
May 12, '57.

Received from

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Bryan.
Capt. Sitgreaves.
O. Salvin.
Veireaux.

Collected by

S. F. Baird.
W. S. Wood.
Dr. Woodhouse.

IIEL.MIXTHOPHAGA.

175

HelmiutlftopUaga cl&rysoptera.

Motacilla chrysoptera, Likn. S. Nat. I, 1766, 333. — Si/lvia citr. Lath. —
WiLS. Am. Orn. II, pi. xv, fig. 5. — Box. — Sylvicola chr. Bon. —
Helinaia chr. Aud. B. A. II, pi. cvii. — Helmitherus chr. Bon. —
ScLATER P. Z. S. 1855,143 (Bogota). — Helinintho})ha(ja chrysoptera,
Cab. Mus. Hein ; Journ. f. Orn. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica). — Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, II, 1860, 397
(Choctum, Guatemala). — Scl. Catal. 1861, 28, no. 177. — Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 293 (Panama).— Gundl. Cab. Journ.
1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).
J\IotaciIla Jiavi/roits, Gmelin. — Sylfia flavifrons, Lath.

Hah. Eastern province of U. S. : Cuba (rare) ; GuatemaLa ; Costa Rica ;
Panama ; Bogota. Recorded in West Indies — Cuba only ; not from Mexico.

Smith- Collec-

Sex

"When
Collected.

Boaian tor's

No. 1 No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

2,36J

rf

Carlisle, Pa. | Jaly 8, 1S45.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

A

Racine. Wis.

Dr. R. P. Hoy.

10,1.06

rr

Union County, 111. May 11.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

6,982

rf

St. Louis, Mo. May 13, '57.

Lt. Bryan.

W. S. Wood.

10,2.31

Liberty County, Ga.

Prof. Jos. Leconte.

30,672

V

Coban, Guat.

1862.

0. Salvin.

Salviu & Godm.

30,671

<<

Choctura, Guat.

Jan. 1860.

"

32,702

43,030

Bogota.

Yerreaux.

(A.) Nest eggs.

Helniintliopliaga Tiaclimani.

Sylvia bachmani, AtJD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 483, pi. 183. — Sylvicola h.
Rich. — Vermivora b. Bon. — Helinaia b. Aud. Syn. Birds Am. II,
1841, 93, pi. cviii.— Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 36, pi. vi, fig. 1.—
Helmitherus b. BoN. — Helminthophaga b. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 475
(Cuba, in winter). — Baird. Birds N. Am. 1858, 255. — Gdndlach,
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare).

Hab. Coast of S. Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba in winter.

Smith- Collec- Sex

Konian tor's and

No. No. !Age.

I-o-^ty- Cone'cted.

Received from

Collected by

2,903 .. j -d"

Charleston, S. C.

S. F. Baird.

J. J. Audubon.

Helmiiitliopliaga riificapilla.

Sijlvia rtijicapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 120, pi. xxvii, fig. 3. — AuD.

Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 450, pi. 89. — Helminthophaf/a ruficapilla, Baird,

Birds N. Am. 1858, 256.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 373 (Xalapa).—

Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 178.
Sylvia rubricapilla, WiLS. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 15, General Index. — Nhtt.,

Bon. — Sylvicola rub. Rich. — Vermivora rub, Bon. — Reinhardt, Vid.

1T6

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS,

[part I.

Med. for 1S53, 1S54, 82 (Greenlaud).— Brewer, Pf. Bost. Soc. N. H.

VI, 1856, 4 (nest and eggs). — Helinaia rub. Aod. B. A. II, pi.

m.—Hehnitherus rub. Bon.— Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ;

1859, 363 (Xalapa). — Ilehninthophaga rub. Cab. — Sclater, P. Z. S.

1858,298 (Oaxaca; Feb. and Aug.). — Mniotilta rub. Reixhardt,

Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).
Sylvia leucogastra, SiiAW, Gen. Zool. X, ii, 1817, 622.
^'■Sylvia na^kvillei" Vieillot. — Gray. — Sylvia mexicana, Holboll.

ITah. Eastern province of N. America, north to line of British America ;
Greenland ; south to Mexico ; not in West Indies. Recorded from Xalapa,
Cordova, Orizaba, and Oaxaca, Mex.

Smith- Collec-

souiani tor's

JS'o. [ No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

26.930

Nova Scotia.

W. G. Winton.

W. G. Wiiiton.

2,150

H"

Carlisle, Pa.

April 26, '4i5.

S. F. Baird.

S. F. Baird.

2,237

"

Mav6, 184.J.

"

20.261

22

^

Lalfeof the Woods.

May .30, '60.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

20,293

37

Ft. Stocliton, Tex.

May 6, 1860.

P. Duffy.

P. Dulfy.

32.707 29,93.5

V

Mexico.

Verreaux.

32,703 29,934
29,205

d

Orizaba, Mex,

Prof. Sumichrast.

Helniintliopliaga celata.

Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. I, 1823, 169.— Box. Am. Orn. I,
pi. V, fig. 2. — AvT>. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 178. — Sylvicola crl. Rich. —
Vermivora eel. Jard. — Helinaia eel. AvD. B. A. II, pi. 112. — Ilelmi-
therus eel. Box.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— i7e/m/H-
thophaga eel. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 257.— Sclater, P. Z. S.
1858, 298 (Oaxaca ; December) ; 1859, 373 ; 1862, 19 (La Parada).
—Cooper & Scckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 1859, 178.— Lord, Pr. R. Art.
Inst. Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).

Flab. Middle and western provinces of N. America : Youkon and McKenzie
River dist. Very rare in the eastern Province of U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ;
western Mexico in winter.

On com}3aring extensive series of specimens from the Pacific coast
(including Cape St. Lucas), and those from the interior of North
America, including Arizona, Utah, Rocky Mountains, Tamaulipas,
and the Hudson Bay territories, I find that the former are of a much
brighter and clearer yellowish beneath and olivaceous above than
the latter. In all these there is much gray mixed with the yellow-
ish tints, clouding and obscuring them — sometimes very considerably.
The concealed orange-browni patch of the crown is also more re-
stricted in extent. These differences correspond with those of ma-
turity of plumage, Ijut even winter and J^oung specimens from the
Pacific coast are more brightly colored than the others in spring.

IIELMINTHOPHAGA,

111

Specimens from the Youkon seem to show traces of hybridity \vilh
peregrina, one skin especially (27,326) in which the cheeks and
forehead are as pure gray as in loeregrHna, while all the other char-
acters are those of celata. This same apparent tendency to hybrid-
ism in Youkon specimens is seen in other species, as between Junco
hyemalis and oregonus, etc., and may be explained by the fact of this
region being in the boundary line of the breeding grounds of these
closely allied I'epresentative species.

A specimen of celata, froni Georgia, shows no trace of orange in
the crown, and is much darker in color, and with larger bill than in
western ones.

Mr. Audubon speaks of the H. celata as being common and gener-
ally distributed through the Eastern States, and breeding abundantly
in Maine, New Brunswick, etc. I have myself never seen or heard
of any specimens from east of the Mississippi Yalley, excepting a
few taken in Georgia and Florida, and near Philadelphia, and these
may belong to a different species. The Institution possesses one
specimen from Dane Co., Wisconsin. ^

Specimens are in the collection from many localities in the Pacific
region of the United States up to the northern boundary, and east
to the Rocky Mts.

Smith- CoUec-

Sex

When
Collected.

sonian tor's
No. No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Keceived from

Collected by

27,221

1,214

Ft. Youkon.

June 10, '61.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

27.325

1,.300

^

"

Juuel.5, '61.

"

19.241

r,07

5

Ft. Resolution.

May 22, '60.

"

27,228

1,301

9

Fort Sirnpsou.

B. R. Ros.=!.

B. R. Ross.

7.92.)

y

Dane Countv. Wis.

Th. Kumlien.

12,S.">2

Georgia. [Lucas.

J. Ackhurst.

20,442 ' 3,408

San Jose, Cape St.

Nov. 25, '59.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

32,706 40,774

V

Mexico.

Verreaux.

(27,325.) With eggs. (12,852.) This and the last the only specimens ia the collection from
east of the Missouri River.

Helmintbophaga Tirginiae.

Helminthopkaga virginise, Baird, Birds N. Am. under explanation of
plates, 1860, xi, pi. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, N. M.).

Hab. Southern Rocky Mts. (middle province U. S.).

Similar to H. riificapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light
ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green ;
quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous, tlie latter
indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end.
Rump, with upper and lower tail covert bright yellow, in vivid contrast with
the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange-brown. Rest
of under parts brownish-white, with indications of yellow from chin to breast,
12 ^pril,18^5,

178

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

perhaps entirely yellow there when mature. lusIcJe of wings and axillara
whitish. A white ring round the eye. Bill and legs dusky.

Length, 5.00; extent, 7.25; wing, 2.50 when fresh. Dried skin: length,
4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20 ; tarsus, .67.

Of this interesting species, discovered by Dr. Anderson, and
named after Mrs. Anderson, but a single specimen was known to
collectors, until Dr. Coues obtained it at Fort Whipple, near Pres-
cott, in Arizona (Aug. 15, 1864).

Smith-
gODiau

No.

10,719
36,977

Collec-

to) 's
No.

Sex
i.Dd
Aire.

592

Locality.

Ft Buit-'wyn, N. M.
Ft. Whipple, Aiiz.

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Dr. W W. Ander-

Dv. E. Coues, [son.

[U. S. A.

Dr. W. W. Ander-
Dr. Coues. [aon.

(10,719.) The type of species.

Helmintliopliaga luciae.

Iltlmlnthophac/a lucice, CooPEK, Pr. Cal. Acad. July, 1861, 120 (Fort
Mohave).

Hub. Fort Mohave, Colorado River (middle province U. S.).

General form and size that of //. ruficapilla. Above light cinereous ; be-
neath white, having a soiled, very pale buff, almost white tinge on the throat,
breast, and flanks. A patch on the vertex, as in H. mjicapilla, and the upper
tail coverts dark chestnut-brown. Lores to nostrils, and region round the eye,
liRe the throat, in rather decided contrast to the ash of the crown. Quills
and tail feathers brown, narrowly edged externally with gray. An obsolete
terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather; this web in most
of the other tail feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Axillars and
inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue.

Length, in life, 4.40 ; extent, 6.9(t ; wing, 2.40. Of skin, 3.90 ; wing, 2..3.3 ;
tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .50; bill above, ..35 ; gape, .50.

Of this species several specimens were collected at Fort Mohave,
on the Colorado River, by Dr. Cooper. The species is dedicated to
Miss Lucy H. Baird.

Smitli-

Boniau

No.

Collec-
tor's

No.

S-x
and
A-e.

T ,., When
Locality. Collected.

Received from

Collected by

31,892 1 ..

Ft. Mohave, Cal. 1

Dr. J. G. Coop.r.

(31,892.) A type of the species.

Helmintliopliaga peregrina.

Sylria perejrtna, Wils. Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 83, pi. xxv, fig. 2. — Aud.
Orn. Biog. II, pi. 154. — Sylvirola per. Rich. — Vermirora per. Box. —
Eelinaia per. Aod. B. A. II, pi. 110. — Uelmtiherus per. Bon. —

HELMITHERUS.

179

Helminthophaga per. Cab. Mus. Hein. — Ib. Jour. Orn. 1861. 85
(Costa Rica). — Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 258. — Sclater & Salvin,
Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 373 (Oaxaca) ;
Catal. 1861, 29, no. 180.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322
(Panama). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, very rare).

Sylvia tennesscei, Vieillot, EncycL Meth. II, 1823, 452.

?Si/lvia missuriensis, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 117. •

Hah. Eastern province of N. America : North to Fort Simpson, H. B. T. ;
Mexico ; Oaxaca ? Guatemala ; Costa Rica ; Panama R. R. .Very rare in Cuba.

Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly
tinged with greenish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguishable from
H. celata. The wing is, however, always longer, and the obscure
whitish patch on the inner edge of the exterior tail feather, near its
tip, is almost always appreciable. In celata this edge is very nar-
rowly and uniformly margined with whitish.

A young bird of the year, from Fort Simpson (27,228), has two
distinct greenish-white bands on the wings, and the forehead and
cheeks greenish -yellow. A corresponding age of H. celata has the
wing bands more reddish-brown, the wings shorter, and no white
patch on the outer tail feather.

It is possible that Mr. Sclater is mistaken in quoting this species
from Oaxaca, the only Mexican locality mentioned by authors.

Smith

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soniat
No.

tor's
No.

aud
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

20. 623

rf

1 Moose Factory, H. B.

June 2, 'BO.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,624

[Ft. George, H. B.

July 11, '60.

"

30,639

Maine.

1S63.

W. F. Hall.

W. F. HaU.

22,627

1,010

Ft. Simpson.

May 9, 1861.

B. R Ross.

10,495

728

^

Ft. Resolution.

June 17, '60,

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

31,421

249

V

Ft. Rae.

L. Clarlie.

1,879

rf

iUpper Mis.souri, Dae.

1843.

S. F. Baird.

J. G. Rell.

790

cf

Carlisle, Pa.

Oct. 10, '42.

"

S. F. Baird.

412

V

*'

May 21, '41.

"

10,157

rf

Cairo, III.

April.

R. Kennicott.

R. Kennicott.

30,673

2i9

Coban, Guat. [Rica.

Nov. 1859.

0. Salvin.

33,269

5

rf

Dota Mts., Costa

Jan. ->4, '64.

J. Carniol.

33,270

Sun Jose.

Winter.

HELMITHERUS, Raf.

Eelmitherus, Raf. Jour, de Phys. vol. 88, 1819, 417. (Type Motacilla

vermivora, Lath.)
Vermivora, Swainson, Zool. Jour. IV, 1827, 170.
Helinaia, AuD. Syn. 1839, 66. (Type Sylvia swainsoni, Add.)

Heliuitlieriis vermiTorus.

Motacilla vermivora, Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 951. — fSylvia vermivora
Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 499.— Wils. Ill, pi. xxiv, fig. 4.— Aud.'

180

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Orn. Biog. I, pi. xxxiv. — Sylvicola vermivora, Rich. — Helinaia ver-
mivora, AuD. B. A. II, pi. cv. — Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. vi
fig. 4. — Ilelmitherns vermivorus, Bon. ; Cab. ; Baird, Birds N. Am
1858, 252.— ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Ib. Catal. 1861
28, no. 175. — Sclatek & Salvin, Ibis, 1, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) ; Cab
Jour. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica) ; Ib. 1856 (Cuba).— Gl'xdlach, Cab
Jouri 1861, 326 (Cuba; somewhat rare).
Vermivora pennsylvanica, Bon., Gosse, B. Jamaica, 1847, 150.
Eelmitherus migratorius, Raf. J. de Phys. 88, lol9, 417. — Hartlaob,
Vermivora fulvicapilla, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837,245.

Hab. Eastern province of U. States (rather southern) ; southeastern Mexico ;
Guatemala ; Cuba.

Specimens are in tlie collection from various points in the eastern
United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and as far west as Inde-
pendence, Mo. ; also from —

Smith-
sonian
No.

Collec- Sex
tor's j and
No. Age.

Locality.

Corcted. Received from

Collected by

29,62.3
29,622
.30,668
33,286
33,285

3,071

d

Fermina, Cuba. Feb. 17.

Coban, Vera Paz. Nov. 1859.
San Jose, 0. R.

C. Wright.

0. Salvin.
J. Carmiol.

0. Wright.

Helmitherus swainsoni.

Sylvia swainsoni, Aud. Orn, Biog. II, 1834, 563, pi. cxcviii. — Sijlvirola
sw. Rich. — Vermivora sw. Bon. — Helinaia sw. Aud. B. A. II, 1841,
pi. civ (type of genus). — Helmitherus sw. Bon. ; Cab. ; Baikd, Birds
N. Am. 1858, 252.

Coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba (very rare).

Smith-
sonian

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex

and Locality.

Age. j

When
Collected.

Received from

Collected by

2,901
32,241

'j

Charleslon, S. C.
Liberty County, Ga
Cuba.

S. F. Baird.
Prof. Leconte.
Cab. Gundlach.

J. J. Audubon.

PERISSOGLOSSA, Baird.
Perissoglossa, Baied. (Type Motacilla tigrina, Gm.)

Form of Dendroica, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch ; the
commissure gently arched or curved from the base ; the gonys also straight
or even slightly concave. Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one-

PERISSOGLOSSA. 131

third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally at the end; the edge along
the median portion folded over on the upper surface, but not adherent.

On page 1611 have given the reasons for considering "Dendroica
tigrina'^ as the type of a special genus of SylvicoUdae, and for re-
taining it in this family rather than placing it in Ceerebidse, to which
there is so much apparent resemblance in the tongue. In the struc-
ture and character of this organ the species differs very widely from
other members of the family, as is shown in the cuts on page 163
accompanying those remarks.

The curvature of the bill in Perissoglossa tigrina is quite peculiar
among the Sylmcolidse with notched bills. Some Helminthophagas
(without notch) approximate this character ; though in none, except-
ing H. bachmani, is it in equal amount — all the others having the
gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight or even slightly con-
cave. It will be of much interest to examine the tongue of H.
bachmani, should the opportunity ever offer, as it is quite likely to
exhibit some noteworthy feature.

The peculiarities of the tongue of P. tigrina, and its supposed
relationships to Certhiola, were first brought to notice by Mr. Gosse.

Perissoglossa tigrina.

Motacilla tigrina, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 985. — Sylvia tig. Lath. — Den-
droica tig. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286. — Sclatek, Catal. 18G1,
33, no. 198 ; P. Z. S. 1861,71 (Jamaica; April).— March, Pr. A. N.
Sc. 1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).— A. & E. Newto.x, Ibis, 1859, 144
(St. Croix. Notes on anatomy of tongue). — Gundlach, Cab. Jour.
1861, 326 (Cuba; not rare).

Sylvia maritima, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99, pi. liv, fig. 3. — Box. ;
NuTT. ; Add. Orn. Biog. V, pi. 414. — D'Okb. La Sagra's Cub. 1840,
70, pi. X. — Syhicola mar. Jard,, Bon., Acd., B. A. II, pi. 85. — Cer-
thiola mar. Gosse, Birds .lam. 1847, 81. — Ib. Illust. — Rhimanphus
mar. Cab. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba).

Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose
Factory ; all the West Indies to St. Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded
from Mexico or Central America.

It is an interesting fact in the history of this bird, that it breeds
in Jamaica — specimens of the eggs, as well as of the bird itself,
killed in June, July, and August, having been transmitted by Mr.
March. These appear to have longer wings, a larger white spot on
the tail feathers, and more orange-brown on the throat than I re-
member to have seen in North American birds ; but better specimens
will be required to substantiate -any real difference.

182

KEVIEW OP AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Smith-

Collec-

Spx

When
Collected.

soQian

tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

20,633

33

cf

Moose Factory.

May 28, '60.

C. Diexler.

C. Drexler.

10,167

?

Racine, Wis.

R. Keniiicott.

942

cT

Carlisle, Pa.

May 12, '43

S. 1'. Baird.

S.F. 'Baird.

678

?

"

May 17, '42

"

"

34,510

23

Nassau, N. P.

May 14, '64

C. L. Fitzijerald.

29,624

Cuba.

C. Wriglit.

20.239

2.^9

d

Spauishtown, Jam.

Jaly'ii, '63.

W. T. March.

W. T. March.

30,288

2.59

?

'

26,812

22

d

June 16, '62

24,348

36

d

"

Nov. 1860.

26 811

237

"

Aug. 12, '62.

30,287

2.59

Health shire, Jam.

St. Croix.

June, 1863
Mar. 16, "57.

[ton.
Cab. A. & E. New-

36,628

St. Thomas.

Wiuter.

Eobt. Swift.

DENDROICA, Gray.

Sylvicola, Gray, Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 32 (not of Humphrey or Swainson).
Dendroica, Gray, Genera, Appendix, 1842, 8. (Type Si/lvia coronata,
Lath.).
• "Ficedula, Cuv. 1799-1800" (not of Mcehring, 1752).

Rhimamphus, Hartladb, Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (not of Rafinesque).

The genus Dendroica is represented by a very large number of
species, wliich vary somewhat in external form, but passing so in-
sensibly from one into the other as to render it exceedingly diflBeult
to subdivide them. They may, perhaps, be most conveniently
grouped by their colors, as has been done in " Birds of North Ame-
rica," to which I would refer, as also for general remarks. Nearly
all the species belong to the United States, going southward in
winter ; several are peculiar to Cuba, Jamaica, or Porto Rico, one to
the West Indies generally, and three to Central and South America.

Dendroica virens.

Mutacilla virens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985. — Sylvia virens, Lath.
— ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pi. xciii. — Wils. Am. Orn. II,
pi. xxvii, fig. 3.— NtTTT. ; Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, pi. 399. —
Gatke, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original
description). — Sylvicola virens, Sw. ; Add. B. A. II, pi. 84. — Rein-
EARDT, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854,72,81 (Greenland). — Rhimanphus
virens, Cab. Mns. Hein. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba ; winter). —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. IS.'^e, 291 (Cordova). — Dendroica virens, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 267.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 1 (Guate-
mala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Oaxaca?) ; 373 (Xalapa).—
Ib. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 181.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861,
293 (Panama).— GusDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cnha).—Mniotilta
virens, Reinhardt, Ibis, III, 1861, 5 (Juliauehaab, Greenlau

DENDROICA.

183

Hah. Eastern province of U. S ; Greenland ; Heligoland, Europe ; south to
Panama R. R. ; Cuba. In Mexico, Xalapa, and Oaxaca ? Cuba alone in West
Indies.

Specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from various
localities throughout the whole eastern United States, and westward
to the Missouri ; also —

Smith-
sonian
No.

CoUec-
toi's
No.

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

Whpn

Collecied.

Received from

Collected by

23,275

30,682
30,6S3

14
.'?,l-42
3,130

Mirador, Mex.
Tactic, Vera Paz,
Cobaa, " [Guat
Guatemala.

Jan! Ys60.
Nov. 18J9.

Dr. Sartorius.
0. Salvia.

Cab. Lawrence.

Dr. Sartorius.

Dendroica occidentalis. •

Sylvia occidentalism TowNSEND, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 190 (Columbia
River).— Ib. Narrative, 1839, 340.— Acd. Orn. Biog. V, pi. Iv.—
Sylvicola occ. Bon. ; Add. B. A, II, pi. xciii. — Dendroica occ. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 268.— Coopek & Suckley, R. R. Rep. XII, ii,
1859, 178 (N. W. coast).

Dendroica chrysopareia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1862, 19.— Ib. Catal. 1862,
358 (La Parada, Mex.) (not of P. Z. S. 1860, 19).

Dendroica niveiventris, Salvin, P. Z. S. May 26, 1863, 187, pi. xxiv, fig.
2 (Guatemala).
Hah. Western province U. S., and Mexico to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape
St. Lucas.

A specimen collected in September last, at Fort Whipple, by Dr.
Coues, of what I consider to be this species in autumnal plumage,
lacks entirely the black of the throat, which is replaced by fulvous
white. The yellow of the cheeks extends over the whole chin. The
upper parts are glossed with olivaceous, and the black streaks of the
back are nearly obsolete.

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

sonian

tor'.?

and

No.

No.

Age.

36,978

690

5,518

703
101

d

30,681

232

Locality.

Fort Whipple, Ariz,
Peialuma, Cal.
JFexico. [Guat

Volcan de Fuego,

When
Collected.

Sept. 3, '64.
April, 18.56.

Received from

Dr. Coues.
E. Samuels.
Cab. Lawrence.
0. Salvin.

Collected by

Dr. Coues.
E. Samuels.

Salvin & Godman.

(36,978.) 4.90; 7.70. (30,611.) Type of /). wmiMwiri*.

Dendroica chrysopareia.

Dendroica chrysopareia, Sclater & Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, 298. — Ib. Ibis,
1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Hah. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

184 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

(229, Salvin collection.") Head and body above black, the feathers with
olive-green edges, especially on the back, obscuring the ground color ; rump
clear black. Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and on lower jaw),
and the partially concealed bases of the feathers on the median line of the
forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line from lores, through the eye, widen-
ing behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, including inside
of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and
occupying the entire space between th'e yellow patches of the two sides of the
head and neck, and extended along the sides in a series of streaks. Feathers
of crissum with black centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bands
across the coverts, the scapulars streaked with blackish ; first quill edged
externally with white, the rest with gray. Tail feathers blackish, edged ex-
ternally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer tail feather
white on the inner web, except a stripe along the shaft near the end ; second
similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base ; third with a
short patch of white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black.

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tAil, 2.40 ; tarsus, 2.75.

This species agrees with virens and occidentalis, to which it is
closely related in having the undei* parts white, with a black patch
on the chin and throat. The prevailing black of the upper part,
especially of the head and rump, will. easily distinguish it from both
these species. The black stripe through the eye (wanting in occi-
dentalis) is better defined than in virens, but there is no trace of an
obscure dusky crescent below the eye. D. townsendii diifers in a
much broader patch of black through the eye, with a yellow crescent
in it beneath the eye ; a much more olivaceous-green back, with
ashy rump ; the black of the head obscured by green, and the jugu-
lura deep yellow.

The bill in chrijsopareia is much thicker than in any of the allied
species.

The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the allied species
of Warblers with black chins and throat (excluding D. nigrescens,
which is black, white, and gray, with only a small yellow loral spot) : —
Common Characters. — Upper parts more or less olivaceous-
green, with the feathers streaked centrally with black
(sometimes concealed). Sides of head yellow. Cliin and
throat black ; rest of the under parts, including inside
of wings, white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings
with two white bands. Inner web of lateral tail feather
almost entirely white from the base.
Above bright olive-green, with concealed black streaks ; tail
coverts ashy. Sides conspicuously streaked with black ;
crissum unspotted. Jugulum sometimes faintly tinged
with yellowish. An obscure dusky olive stripe through
the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance
beneath it , . virens.

DENDROICA. 185

Above olivaceous ashy (nimp pure ash), with more distinct
black spots. Top and sides of head clear yellow, the
feathers of the crown tipped with black, or clouded with
dusky plumbeous. No dark markings or stiipes on side
of head. No distinct black streaks beneath ; black of
throat restricted to front of neck ..... occldentulis.

Prevailing color of upper part black, with olivaceous edgiugs
on the back ; rump and upper tail covert pure black.
Sides and crissum streaked with black. A simple black •

stripe through the eye ; no patch beneath it . . . chrysopareia.

Above olive-green. Upper tail coverts ashy, with central black
streaks. Feathers of head above black, with olive-green
edges. A broad olivaceous black stripe through eye from
lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish crescentic
patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat and chin
edged with yellow. Juguluin and sides of breast also
yellow. Sides streaked with black. No distinct black
streaks on crissum ........ townsendii.

For the opportunity of describing D. chrysopareia I am indebted
to Mr. Salvin, who kindly forwarded to me his type specimen for the
purpose. The species has not been noted except from Guatemala
(and Mexico ?), but may not improbably be yet found in the Rocky
Mountains of the United States.* Mr. Salvin's specimen (No. ^VA)
was killed at Tactic, Vera Paz, Nov. 4, 1859.

Deiidroica townsendii.

Sylvia townserulii, " Nuttall," Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 191.
— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, pi. 393.—Sylvicola t. Bon. ; Aw. B. A. II,
1841, pi. 92.—Dendroica t. Baied, Birds N. Am. 1858, 269.— Scl.
P. Z. S. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca high lands in winter) ; 1859, 374 (To-
tontepec; winter). — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala).
— CooPEK & SucKLEY, P. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 179 (Cal.).

Hab. Western province of U. S., and Mexico, into Guatemala. Migratory.

I have never seen a specimen of this species in pure spring plu-
mage, and I am not sure that the throat ever becomes pure black as
in virens and its allies. Some specimens have the whole chin and
throat yellow — the feathers of the latter very indistinctly dusky in
the centre.

' A specimen of this bird, or one very closely allied, is said to have been
recently collected near San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. A. T. Heermann.

186

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Srnith-

Collec-

Sex

soniau

tor's

and

Ko.

No.

Age.

2.91S

21,923

4 4S0

10,720

492

8,017

Locality.

Columbia Riv . Or,
Camp Moogie. \V. T.
Santa Clara, Cal.
Kt. Hurffwyn, N. M
\. E. Mexico.
Guatemala.

When
Collected.

Oct. 28, '.S5

May2i,'b0

18.55.

Received from

S. F Baird.
A. Campbell.
Dr. J G Cooper.
Dr.W. W. Ander-
S. F. Baiid. [son.
J. Gould.

Collected by

J. K. Townsend.
Dr. Keiinerly.
Dr. J. G. Cooper.

, (3,918.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon's collection.

l>eudroica iiigrescens.

Si/lvia nifjrescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 191 (Columbia
River). — Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 57, pi. 395. — Vtrmivora nig.
Bon. ; Nutt. — Sylvicola nig. Acd. B. A. II, pi. 94. — Rhimanphus
nig. Cab. 1850. — Deiidroica nig. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858, 270. —
ScLATER, P. Z. S. 1858, 298 ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca ; high mountains,
in March).— Ib. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 183.— Heermann, P. R. R. Rep.
X, IV, 40.— Cooper & Suckley, P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1859, 180.

f Sylvia kalseii, Giradd, Birds Texas, 1838, pl. iii, fig. 1, J (suggested
by Sclater).

Uab. Western and Middle provinces of U. States. Migratory southward
into Western Mexico (Oaxaca).

An aiituQinal male from Fort Whipple differs only from No. 1,908
in greater amount of white edging to the wing feathers, wider streaks
on the sides, and absence of black on the back.

Smith-

Collec-

Spx

When
Collected.

sonian

tor's

aud

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

Aife.

7,6S6

37S

Ft. Steilacoora.W.T.

May 6, 'rs.

Dr. G. Suckley.

Dr. G. Suckley.

1.908

W

Columbia Riv., Or.

Juneie, "3.5

S. F. Baird.

J. K. Town.seud.

2,91.j

rf

"

May 14, '3J.

"

"

7,690

rf

Calaveras Co., Cal.

Lt. Williamson.

Dr. Heermann.

11,.)1S

80

rf

Fort Defiance.

Lt. J. C. Ives.

Miillhausen.

3i.s:n

802rl

rT

Sin Diei,'o, Cal.

April 2, '62.

Geo!. Sui V. CaL

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

36,979

566

d

Fort Whipple, Ariz.

Aug. 13, '64.

Dr. E. Coues.

(1,908.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon's collection.

Deudroica caerulescens.

Mutucilla canadensis, Linn. Sjst. Nat. I, 1766, 336 (not p. 334, which
is D. coronnta). — Sylvia canadensis, Lath. ; Wilson, II, pl. xv, fig.
7.— AoD. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 148, 155.— Sallk, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St.
Domingo). — Sylvicola canadensis. Swains., Jaed. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A.
II, pl. 95. — PJnmanphus can. Cab. — Dendroica canadensis, Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 271.— Sclater, Catal. 1861, 30, no. 184.— Ib.
P. Z. S. 1S61, 70 (Jamaica).— GuNDL. Cab. Jour. 1861,326 (Cuba;
very common).

DENDROICA.

18t

Motacilla csrrulescens, Gm. S. Nat. I, 1788, 960. — Sylvia caer. Lath. ;

ViEiLL. II, pi. 80.— Sylvia car. D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 63,

pi. ix, fig. 1, 2.
Sylvia pusilla, WiLS. V, pi. 43. fig. 3 (.Juv.). — Sylvia hucoptera, WiLS.
Sylvia palustris, Steph. — Sylvia 7nacropus, Vieillot. — Sylvia sphagnosa,

Bon. ; Nottall ; Add.
Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 162 (female). — Ib. Illust.

no. 37.

Ilab. Eastern province of United States ; Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo
in winter ; very abundant. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.

I have been obliged to adopt the name of caerulescens, that of
canadensis being a synonym of D. coronata, of earlier date than as
used for the present species.

Specimens in the collection from eastern United States, west to
Missouri River ; also —

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

Boiiian
No.

tor's
No.

and
Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

22,301

Halifax, N S.

W. G. Wintou.

W. G. Winton.

17.71.i

Monte Verde, Cuba.

April 9.

Chas. Wright.

Chas. Wright.

23,J16

V

"

Jan. 17.

"

"

23,ol7

c^

Nouv. Sophie. Caba.

Dec. 21, '60.

"

"

21,G.53

W

Tuabuque, Cuba.

Nov. 13.

"

"

23,311

69

rf

Trehiwney, Jaio.

D. c. 20, '59.

P. L. Sclater.

W. Osburn.

24,345

41

d

Spanishtown, Jam.

Dec. 23, '60.

W. T. March.

Deiidroica coronata.

Motacilla coronata, LiXN. S. N. I, 1766, 333. — Sylvia coronata, Lath.;
Vieillot, II, pi. 78, 79.— Wils. II, pi. 17, fig. 4 ; pi. 45, fig. 3.—
Ndtt. ; Add. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 153. — D'Orb. Sagra's Cuba, Ois.
1840, 60. — Sylvicola coronata, Swains. ; Bon. ; Ann. B. A. II, pi. 76.
— Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 114.— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 59 (abun-
dant in April). — Dendroica coronata, Gray, Genera, 1842, 2.

Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 272.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.— Ib.
Catal. 1861, 30, no. 185.— March, P. A. N. Sc. 1863, 292 (.Jamaica,
in summer; breeding). — Gundl. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; com-
mon). — Cooper & Sdckley, P. R. R. XII, ii, 18.59, 180 (Puget
Sound). — Rhimanphua cor. Cab. Jour. 1855, 473 (Cuba).

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. 12th ed. 1766, 334 {Ficedula canadensis
cinerea, Br. Ill, 524, pi. 27, fig. 1).

Parus rirginianns, Linn. 12th ed. S. Nat. I, 1766, 342.

Motacilla umbria, cincta, pingiiis, Gm.

Sylvia xanthopygia, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 47. — Sylvia xan-
thoroa, Vieill.

Localities Quoted: S. Greenland, Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 5. — Cordova
ScL. P. Z. S. 1856, 291.— A'r//«/>a, Ib. 1859, ^Q'd.— Guatemala, Scl.'
& Salv. 1859, 11. — Panama, Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VlII, 63.

188

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Cuba, winter, Cab. Jour. Ill, 413.— Bahamas, winter, Bryant, Bost.
Pr. VII, lSf)9.— Jamaica, Gosse, Birds Jam. 155. — St. Domingo,
Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.

Bab. Eastern province of North America, and extending sparsely north-
ward along U. S. boundary to Pacific Ocean ; Ft. Yukon ; Greenland ; eastern
Mexico to Panama R. R. ; western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in
Jamaica.

The discovery, by Mr. March, that this species breeds in Jamaica
is an interesting fact in the history of the species : skins and eggs
collected the middle of June have been transmitted by him to the
Institution.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also —

Smith-

Collec-

Sex

"When

Collected.

soniaa

tor's

and

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

No.

No.

Age.

30,379

Rigolet, Lab.

H. ConoUy.

H. CoDUolly.

23,620

Moose Factory, H.B.

J. McKeuzie.

J. McKeozie.

20, tj27

[Can.

July i', '60.

C. Drexler.

C. Drexler.

20,626

Teraiscamiagiie,

May 8, '60.

"

"

27,329

i.igi

2-)2

Fort Yukon.
Audcrsoa River.

B. Keunicott.
R R. McFarlane.

27.247

1,389

Fort Good Hope.

May' 25.

B. R. Ross.

J. S. Onion.

27,248

1,418

d

La Pierre's House.

"

"

Jas. Flett.

23,133

931

Fort Simpson.

"

31,430

3

Fort Rae.

June 3,. 62.

L. Clarke, Jr.

L. Clarke, Jr.

7.671

3.51

d

Ft. Steilacoom.'W.T.

May 1, '36.

Dr. Suckley.

30.S7.5

90

Mirador, Mex.

Nov. 1862.

Dr. Sartorius.

Dr. Sartorius.

32.463

332

Orizaba, Mex.

Prof. Sumichrast.

Prof. Sumichrast.

30,693

3,1.^)0

Coban, Guat.

Nov." 18.59.

0. Salvin.

30,694

237

o

Duenas, Guat.

Feb. 4, '.59.

"

30,292

258

g

Spanishtowu, Jam.

June 11, '63.

■W. T. March.

W. T. March.

36,478

Porto Rico.

■Winter.

Robert Swift.

iio

Panama.

1S62.

Cab. Lawrence.

J. M'Leannan.

(7,671.) The ouly specimeu seen from U. S. west of Missouri valley.

Deudroica aiidulJOBiii.

Sylvia audiiJionii, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii, 1837. — Is. Narrative,
1839, 342.— Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 52, pi. 395.—SylvicoIa audu-
bonii, BoN. List, 1838.— Aud. B. A. II, 1841, 26, pi. 11 .—Dendroica
audubonii, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 273.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
298 (Oaxaca; October) ; 1860, 250 (Orizaba).— Ib. Catal. 1861,30,
no. 186. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, I860, 273 (San Geronimo, Guat.).
— Heermann, p. R. R. Rep. X, iv, 1860, 39. — Cooper & Suckley,
P. R. R. Rep. XII, II, 1859, 181.— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City
of Mexico).

Hab. Western and middle provinces of the U. S. ; Cape St. Lucas ; western
Mexico and Orizaba ?

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the western United
States, as far east as the limits of the high central plains ; also —

DENDllOICA.

189

Sniith-

souiau

No.

Collec-
tor's
No.

Sex
aud
Age.

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

27,287
32,17.)
23,751
35,037

2,4;->4
3, 40 J

2,220

d

Cape St. Lucas.
San Jose, C. St. L.
Mazatlaii.
Touila, Jalisco, Mex.

Nov. 25, '59.
Oct. V863.

Johtt Xantus.

National Institute
John Xantus.

John Xantus.

Dendroica Mackburniae.

MotaciUa hlackhnrnice, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 911.— Sylvia hi. Lath. ;
ViEiLLOT, II,pl. 96.— Wilson, III, pi. 23.— NuTT. ; Add. Orn. Biog. II,
V, pi. 135, '3d9.—Sylvicola bl. Jard. ; Rich. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 87. —
Rhlmanphus bl. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19. — Dendroica bl. Baikd,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 274.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guate-
mala).— Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; lb. 1860, 64 (Ecua-
dor). — Ib. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 187 (Pallataiiga and Nanegal,
Ecuador).

?Motacilla chrysocephala, Gmelin, I, 1788, 971 (Figuier orange et F.
etranger, Buff. V, 313, pi. 58, fig. 3, Guiana).

Sylvia parus, WiLS. V, pi. 44, fig. 3. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 134. — ■
Sylvicola varus, Aud. B. A. II, pi. 83.

Sylvia lateralis, Steph.

fMotacilla incana, Gmel. I, 1788, 976. — Sylvia incana, Lath. ; Vieill.

?Sylvia melanorhoa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 180 (Martinique). —
Ib. Encycl. Meth. II, 444.

Localities Quoted : Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 143. — Panama, Lawr.
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, ^2.— Costa Rica, Cab. Jour. 1860, 328.— Ba-
hamas, Bryant, Bost. Pr. VII, 1859.
Hab. Eastern province of U. S. ; eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and
Ecuador; Bahamas alone of West Indies with certainty.

Specimens from the ITnited States generally east of the Missouri
plains ; none from north of its limits ; also from —

Smith- Collec-

Bonian tor's

No. No.

32,712
32,709
30,684
30,685
30,490
30,488
33,275
33,274
30,489
33,271

32,62.5
32,624
3,717
247
108
104
105
107
106

Sex
and
Age.

Locality.

When
Collected.

Received from

Coban, Guat.

San Jose, C. R.

San Jose, C. R.

1861.
Nov. 1859.

Verreaux.
0. Salvin.
Dr. V. Frantzius.

J. Carmiol.

Collected by

Dendroica castanea.

Sylvia castanea, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 97, pi. xiv, fig. 4. — Bon. ; Nutt. •
Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. Q9.— Sylvicola castanea. Swains. ; Jakd. ; Rich. ;
Bon., Aud. B. A. II, pi. 80. — Rhimanphus castaneus. Cab. — Dendroica

190

REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

castanea, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 276. — Sclater & Salvin, Ibis,
1859, 11 (Guatemala).— ScLATEK, Catal. 1861, 31, uo. 188.— Cassin,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Isthmus Darien ; winter). — Lawrence,
Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (1st. Panama; winter).
Sijhia autumnalis, WiLS. Ill, pi. 23, fig. 2. — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 88.

Uab. Eastern province of North America to Hudson's Bay ; Guatemala,
south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies ;
crosses probably in migrating direct from Florida to Yucatan.

Specimens from United States generally east of Missouri plains ;
also —

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

soiuaa

tiir's

aud

No.

No.

A!,'e.

20,629

cf

32,3 U

li2

21,702

320

21,701

¥

Locality.

When

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

Moose Factory. I Jaue 2, '00.

Panama.
Turbo, N. G.
Tiuando, N. G.

C. Diexler.
J. McKenzie.
Cab. Lawrence.
Lt. Michler.

M'Leaa & Galb.
A. Schott.

I>endroica pinus.

Sylvia pinus, Wils. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 25, pi. xix, fig. 4. — Bon. ; Nutt. ;
AoD. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 111. — T/iri/othurus pinus, Steph. — Sylvicola
pinus, Jard. ; Rich. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 82, — Jones, Nat. Ber-
muda, 1859, 59 (abundant in Oct.). — Rhimanphus pinus, Bon. —
Dendroica pinus, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 277. — Sclater, Catal.
1861, 31, no. 189.— Cooes, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1861, 220 (Labrador coast),

Sylvia vic/orsii, Ann, Orn. Biog. 1, 1832, 153, pi. 30. — Vireo vigorsii, Nutt,

Hah. Eastern province of U. S., north to Labrador; winters in U. S. Not
recorded in West Indies or middle America (except Bermuda ?).

Specimens in the collection from United States generally east of
the Missouri plains and from Labrador ; none from south of the
United States.

Dendroica montana.

Si/lria montann, WiLS. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113, pi. xliv, fig. 2 ("Blue
Mts. of Pennsylvania"). — Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 294 (" California" !) —
Sijlricola montana, .Jard. ; Aud. B. A. II, 1 841, 69, pi. 9"''. — Dendroica
montann, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.

Sylvia tujrina, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 34, pi. 94 (U. S. and St.
Domingo). — Bon,

The only cases on record of the occurrence of this species are
those described by Wilson, Vieillot, and Audubon. I am not aware
that any specimens are now extant in any collection, at least I have
never seen or heard of any.

DENDROICA.

191

Dendroica pennsylvanica.

Motacilla pennsylvanica, Lixn. S. N. I, 1766, 333, no. 19 ; Gmelin. —
Sylvia p. Lath. ; Wilson, I, pi. xiv. fig. 5. — Demlroica p. Baird,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.— Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11; 18G0,
273 (Coban, Guat. ; ^'ovembe^). — Sclater, Catal. 18G1, 31, no. 191.

Sylvia icteroctphala, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 538 — Vieill. II, pi. ftO ;
Box. ; AuD. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 59. — Sylvicola ict. Swaixs. ; Jard. ;
Add. B. a. II, pi. Sl.—Dendroica ict. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363
(Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca).

Other Localities : Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, ISbd.^ Costa

Rica, Cab. Jour. 1860, 328. — Panama, winter, Lawe. Ann. Is. Y.

Lye. 1861, 322.

Hab. Eastern province of the U. S. ; Bahamas ; Guatemala to Costa Rica

and Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies, except Bahamas.

Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States
east of the Missouri plains ; also —

Smith- Conec- Sex

80Diaa tor's { aud

No. I No. Age.

30,f)89 3,127

LocaUty.

Tileraan, Vera Paz,
Gaaiemala. [Guac.

When
CoUected.

Eeceived from

Conectcd hy

Jan. 1861.

0. Salvin.
Cab. Lawience.

Dendroica caerulea.

Sylvia caerulea, Wils. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141, pi. xvii, fig. 5. — Sylvicola

c. Swains. ; Jakd. ; Ricn. ; Bon. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 49 ; Ndtt. —

Dendroica c. Baird, Birds, N. Am. 1858, 2S0. — Sclater, Catal.

1861, 31, no. 192.— Gdndl. Cab. Jour. 1861, .326 (Cuba ; very rare).

Syl'ia rara, Wilson, II, pi. xxvii, fig. 2. — Bos. ; Acd. Orn. Biog. I. pi. 49.

Sylvia azurea, Steph. Shaw, Zool. X, 1817. — Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828,

pi. 27 ( 9 ).— Acd. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 48, 49 ; Nott.
Sylvia bifasciata. Say, Long's Exped. I, 1823, 17(1.
Sylvia populorum, Vieill. Encyc. Meth. II, 1823, 449 (from Wilson).
Other Localities: Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 18. — Panama B. R.,
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, c22.
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls ; Cuba (very rare) ;
Guatemala, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies
(except Cuba).

Specimens in the collection from the United States east of the
Missouri plains, as far north as Carlisle in the east, and Michigan
in the west ; also —

Smith-

souiaa

No.

Conec-
tor's
No.

Sex 1

and 1 Localitv.

Aire, j

When
Collecied.

1
Received from Collected by

12,160
32,713

34,6i4

32.713

1('4

(f Cherokee Nation, July 4,1849. Dr. Woodhouse.
? Cohan, Guat. ... Verreanx.

Guatemala. ... Cab. Lawrence.

Bogota. ... J. H. Roome,

Dr. AVo'idhuuse.

192

REVIEW or AlVIERICAN BIRDS.

[part I.

Dendroica pliaretra.

Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 163. — Ib. Illust. Birds Jam.
— OsBURN, Zoologist, 6660. — Dendroica pharetra, Sclatee, P. Z. S.
1861, 71.— Ib. Catal. 1862, 358, no. 193.
Hah. Jamaica only.

As stated by Dr. Sclater, this is a perfectly good species, rather
similar in general appearance to Mniotilla varia, but with the
feet and bill of Dendroica. The resemblance to D. striata is quite
close. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, but
the colors differ from those of Mniotilla varia in having all the
feathers of the crown black, edged with white, causing a fine streak-
ing, instead of having the crown black with white median and lateral
stripe {M. varia), or entirely black (Z>. striata). The rump and
upper tail coverts are unstreaked brownish-olive, not black as in M.
varia, nor streaked with black, as in D. striata. The sides of the
head are streaked or spotted with black ; the streaks are on the front
of the jugulum as well as the sides. There is no large white patch
on the inner web of the outer tail feathers as in the two other species
mentioned, but merely a dirty whitish edging at the ends of the
same feathers. This last mentioned character will probably dis-
tinguish it in any stage of plumage. Bill very stout. Length, 4.70 ;
wing, 2.55; tail, 2.50.

Smith-
sonian

No.

CoUec-

tor's
No.

Sex
and

Ago.

Locality.

Wlien

Collected.

Received from

Collected by

23,310
23,309
27,942

80
80

St. Ariuand, Jam.
Trelawney, Jam.

Sept. ]8r)9.
Aug. 24, '59.

P. L. Sclater.

W. Osburu.

Deudroica striata.

Muscicapa striata, Forsteb, Phil. Trans. LXII, 383, 428. — Motacilla s.
GiiELiN. — Sylvia s. Lath, ; Vieillot, II, pi. 75, 76. — Wils. IV, pi.
30, fig. 3 ; VI, pi. 54.— Bon. ; Nutt. ; Ann. Orn. Biog. II, pi. 133.—
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 33. — Sylvicola s. Swainson ; Bon. ; Acd.
B. A. II, pi. 78.— Reinhakdt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Green-
land). —Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113. — Mniotilla s. Reinh. Ibis,
1861, 6 (Greenland). — Rhimanphus s. Cab. Jour. 111,475 (Cuba). —
Dendroica s. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 280.— Copes, Pr. A. N. Sc.
1861, 220 (Labrador coast).— Sclater, CataL 1861, 31, no. 193.—
G0NDL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare).

Other Localities Quoted : Bogota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S55, 143.

Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1839.
Hah. Eastern province of all N. America to Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Cuba,
in winter (rare) ; Bahamas ; Bogota. Not recorded from intermediate localities.

DENDROICA.

193

Landbeck, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgesch. for 1864, page
56, describes as new a Dendroica atricapilla, collected at Valdivia,
Chile, in June 11, 1858. Without expressing a definite opinion on
the subject, I cannot distinguish this bird, by his description, from D.
striata, although the dimensions appear rather smaller.

I), striata, D. coronata, and D. stdiva are the only species of the
genus that occur as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Tery many suecimens in the collection from the whole United
States east of the Missouri plains, as well as from the interior of
British Xorth America ; also —

Smith- 1 Col lec-

Sex

souiau tor's

and

No. No.

Ai,'e.

LocTility.

When
CoUected.

1S,0S4
20, "..V2
2o,63tt
27,330
31,121
31,423
22,64)
22.641
22 631
22,800
19,.';04
3i,522

SO

cf

471

..

1,21.5

?

71

3.J3

oS6

567

672

427

621

cf

IOj

?

Grosvater Bay, Lab.
Labrador.
Fort George, H. B.
Ft. Youkon.
Peel's River.
Fort Anderson.
Fort Good Hope.
Fort Simpson.
Bg Island, S. Lake.
Fort Rae, "

Ft. Resolution,"
Nas-an, Bahamas.
Bogota.

July 17, '59.

July 1, "60.
JuuelO, '61.

June 21.
Sept. 1S61.

June 13, '61.
June 7, '60.
May 12, '64.

Received from

Elliot Coue.s.
Williams' Coll.
C. Drexler. [Lye.
R Kennicott.
0. P. Gaudet.
R. R. McFarlane.
B. R. Koss.

L. Clark, Jr.
R Kennicott.
C L. Fitzgerald.
Cab. Lawrence.

Collected by

Elliot Coues.
R. Kennicott.

J. S. Onion.

J. Reid.

L Clark, Jr.

R. Kennicott.

(27,330.) With eg

Among the American Sylvicolidse is a group of what may be
called " Golden Warblers," having, as their common characters, the
body yellowish-green above, golden yellow beneath ; the quills and
tail feathers dark brown, margined internally with yellow, externally
with the color of the back ; the breast and sides streaked with
orange brown, of which color is also sometimes the head. This
combination of characters is peculiar to the group, and especially
the yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers, which is found in
no other American Warblers. Originally represented by a single
species — the familiar D. sediva of the United States — the list has
recently been largely increased. All except sestiva belong to Middle
America, or the northern part of South America, but especially to
the West Indies, where, it is probable, that each large island will be
found to have its own peculiar representative, as is the case to a
greater or less extent with Certhiola, Loxigilla, Saurothera, Todus,
lind many other genera. The diagnostic characters of the male
birds of the best known species are as follow : —
13 April, 1865.

194 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

Forehead and vertex, with sides of head and tliroat, yellow.
Lateral tail leather entirely yellow, except a dusky streak
along the shaft towards tlie end. Inner webs of all tail
feathers yellow to the shaft, except the sixth or central.
Wings pointed.

First quill nearly the longest, and always exceeding the 4th astiva.
Forehead yellowish ; vertex only brownish-orange, this sometimes
concealed by greenish tips. Sides of head and throat yel-
low. Outer web of lateral tail feather (except on the margin)
dusky. Yellow of inner edge of quills not reaching the
shaft, except perhaps in petechia. Wings rounded.

Second quill longest ; 1st longer than the 5th. Larger
wing covert edged with olivaceous, scarcely more yel-
low externally; alula brown, not margined. Yellow
patch on inner web of outer tail feather, not reaching
the shaft ; the 5th only narrowly edged with yellow . gundlachii.
Third quill longest; 1st shorter than the 5th. The oliva-
ceous edges of larger wing coverts brightening ex-
ternally into golden yellow ; alula sharply margined
with yellow. Yellow patch on inner web of lateral
tail feather reaching the shaft ; inner web of 5th feather
with marginal half yellow ...... petechia.

Similar to last, but wings shorter. The 3d quill longest ;

the 1st quill longer than the 4th and 5th. Y'ellow of

iuner webs of tail feathers not reaching the shaft . rujic.apilla.

Entire head, including sides and inferior surface, orange-brown.

Yellow of inner edge of quills reaching the shaft. Tail

feathers much as in the last. Wings rather rounded.

Third quill longest ; 1st longer than the 5th ; edges of wing
coverts brightening into golden yellow. Orange brown
confined to the head and neck. Wing 2.75 long . vieiUotl.
Similar to last, but considerably smaller. Orange brown
of head extending interiorly to the jugulum. Wings,
2.25 rvfigula.

In addition to the species just mentioned the Si/lvicola aureola
of Gould, and the S. eoa of Gosse evidently belong to the Golden
Warblers, although their precise relationships cannot be delined for
want of specimens.*

' Dcndroica aureola.

Si/lcicola aureola, Godi,d, Voyage Beagle, Birds, 1S41, '$•&, tab. 28.

" Nape, back, and tail coverts yellowish-olive ; wings and tail blackish,
broadly margined with yellow ; front and crown yellow, with the tips of the
feathers reddish castaneous ; hind head gray, mixed with yellow, the cheeks
and throat bright yellow ; breast of same color, each feather marked down

'DENDROICA. 195

Denclroica sestiva.

Mutucilla cEsliva, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 996. — Sylvia cestiva, Lath. ; Vieill.
II, pi. 95. — Bon. ; Aud. Orn. Biog. I, pi. 35, 93 ; Nutt. — Sylvicola
ast. Swains. ; Bon. ; Aud. B. A. II, pi. 88.— Max. Cab. Jour. 1658,
114. — Rhimampfius (cat. Bon. ; Cab. Jour. Ill, 472 (Cuba). — Sclatek,
r. Z. S. 1S57, 202. — Dendroica ast. Baikd, Birds N. Am. 1858,
282.— Sclateh, p. Z. S. 1859, 363.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 194
(Ecuador, Cayenne, N. Grenada). — Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trini-
dad).— Cooper & Scckley, p. R. R. XII, II, 1859, 181 (N. W. coast).

Sylvia carolinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 551.

f Sylvia fava, Vieii.lot, II, 1807, 31, pi. 81.

Sylvia citrineUa, WiLs. II, pi. xv, fig. 5.

Sylvia ckildreni, AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 35 (young).

the middle with pale reddish castaneous ; sides and middle of the abdomen
whitish. Hub. Galapagos.

"Length, 5 inches; wing, 2^; tail, 2,f^; tarsus, j !; ; bill, -^\.''

•

This species appears to resemble petechia in coloration, but to differ in fewer
and less distinct stripes beneath, in the gray of the head, and lightness of the
abdomen. There is no meuliou made of the proportions of the quills.

Dendroica eoa.

Sylvicola eoa, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158. — Ib. Illustration Birds
Jamaica.
Hah. Jamaica (Crab Pond, Jan. 24).

"Male. Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of
head marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and
meeting both on the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts
blackish, with yellowish edges. Tail blackish-olive, with yellow edges ; the
outermost two feathers on each side liave the greatest portion of the inner
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials,
belly, and under tail coverts sparsely marked with undefined spots of pale
orange."

" Female. Nearly as in the male, but the deep orange is spread over the
whole cheeks, chin, throat, and bieast. The head and back are dusky gray,
tinged with olive, and patched vvitli the fulvous much more largely, but irregu-
larly, as if laid ujinn the darker hue.

" Length, 5 inches ; expanse, 7.60 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 1.90 ; rictus nearly .60;
tarsus, .90; middle toe, .50. Irids dark hazel; feet hoin-color; beak pale
horn ; culmen and tip darker."

The preceding description, copied from Gosse, relates to a Jamaica Warbler,
unknown, excepting from the preceding account, but evidently having a clo.-e
relationship to the Golden Warblers. It appears to have the head all round
orange (brown?), as also perhaps the rump and tertials; aud to be marked
(streaked ?) with the same beneath, including the crissum. The inner webs
of the tail feathers are yellow, as in the Golden Warblers.

196 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

f Sylvia rathhoyiln, Arc. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pi. 65. — Sylvicola r. Aud.

B. A. II, pi. 89.
fMotacilla rubiginosa, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. 1, 1831,496 (Kodiak).
Rhimamphus chryseolus, Bon. Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen, II, 1851, 32 (Z>.

(estiva, from South America ; Cayenne).
Other Localities: Xalupa, Sclatek, P. Z. S. 1859, 363. — Guatemala,

ScLATER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 11. — Panama, winter. Lawk. Ann.

N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322.— Turbo, N. Grenada, Cass. Pr. A. N. So.

ISQO, 191.— Bogota, Sclatek, Pr. 1855, 143.— C/^^ o/ i/ex/co, Ib.

1864, 172.

ITab. Entire North America, into South America as far as Ecuador, Cayenne,
and Trinidad. Not recorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species.

No North American bird has a wider range throughout the entire
continent, or is more abundant and familiar, breeding apparently as
far south as Mazatlan if not through Central America. Its range
into South America is also quite extensive, reaching Ecuador through
New Grenada, and eastward as far as Cayenne and Trinidad. I have
sought in vain for tangible characters to distinguish more than one
species, apparent discrepancies in single southern specimens having
been matched by others from the United States.

A skin from Costa Rica (30,487) appears to have more yellow
than usual on the inside of the quills, and a considerable amount of
red on the head ; not more, however, than in upper Missouri speci-
mens. Others exhibit occasional differences from the typical char-
acter, but nothing of apparent specific value. A specimen from
Guatemala, probably female, is much smaller than any other in the
collection, measuring only 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.85.

If there is any feature apparently belonging more to southern
than northern skins it is a greater paleness of bill, and a tendency
to a narrow line of dusky along the outer side of shaft of outer tail
feather, reaching to its base, instead of only about half way. Even
this, however, is not constant, and may be more a condition of winter
plumage than anything else.

I have not noticed in young birds the peculiar whiteness of the
tnroat and ash of the sides of head and nape, seen in D. j^etechia.

Specimens (about 200 in all) are in the collection from nearly all
regions of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
north to the Arctic Ocean ; from Forts Yukon, Good Hope, Ander-
son, Simpson, Rae (where very abundant), Resolution ; Moose
Factory, etc. (None from Cape St. Lucas ?) • also —

DENDROICA.

191

Sraith-

Collec-

Sex

When
Collected.

soaiau
No.

tor's

No.

and

Age.

Locality.

Received from

Collected by

3.5,016

28.5

Juv.

Mazatlan.

A. J. Grayson.

32,712

20,167

V

Mexico.

V'erreaux.

29,356

121

r/

Colima, Mex.

Feb. 1863.

J. Xantus.

J. Xantus.

30,687

2.59

Duefias, Guat.

0. Salvin.

31,688

3,160

"

Sept. 18.59.

"

30,686

263

Petaleuleu, Guat.

Sept. 1862.

"

Salvin & Godm.

30,0.53

¥

La Liliertad, S S.

Sept. 1:5, '63.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

Capt. J. M. Dow.

30,487

130

San Jose, C. E.

Dr. Fraiitzius.

34,6.56

..

"

J. Carmiol.

17,897

310

V

Turbo, N. G.

Lt. Micbler.

A. Schott.

17,898

329

d

Panama.

Fred. Hicks.

**

30,601

Trinidad.

M. Galody.
Cab. A. & E. New-
[tou.

Dendroica giiiidlaclii.

?Motacilla albicollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983 {Ficedula domini-
censis, Brisson III, 494, tab. 26, fig. 5, St. Domingo). — Deudroica
albicoMis, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192. — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y.
Lye. 1860, 18 (Cuba).— Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

? ?Motacilla chloroleuca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 17S8, 984 {Ficedula domini-
censis minor, Beisson, III, 496, tab. xxvi, fig. 2, St. Domingo).

Sylvia cestiva, Lembeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 31, not tlie figure. — Rhiman-
phus cestivua, Cabanis, Jour. 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Dendroica gundlachi, Baird.
Hab. Cuba.

Wings rounded, rather short ; the 2d quill longest ; 3d and 4th successively
very little shorter; 1st intermediate between 4tli and 5th ; difference between
1st and 2d quill .07. (The five specimens before me all agree in these
characters.)

( '^ .) Upper parts dark yellowish-green, scarcely brighter on the rump, the
shaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky. Top of the head more and more
yellowish to the bill, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; the central
portions of the feathers tinged with reddish (Mr. Lawrence speaks of a male
bird having the whole crown of a deep orange color). Under parts bright
yellow; the jugulum and sides streaked with reddish. Wing feathers dark
brown; the quills and coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the
hack, which scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as
in petechia ; the marginal color of the primaries towards their ends passing
into gray ; the alula uniform brown ; the quills margined internally, but not
sharply, with yellowish, which is almost a dull white towards the ends viewed
from above. The upper surfaces of the tail feathers are dark greenish-brown,
margined externally like the rump; the outer four feathers have rather illy
defined yellow patches on their inner webs towards the end, which, liowever,
on the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on the
others by a greater and greater interval of the ground color; the 5th has the
inner margin alone yellow. The bill is plumbeous, with pale edges ; the feet
apparently greenish.

A female bird is quite similar, but with the yellow patches on the tail still

198 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAUT I.

more restricte*?. A young bird with mtich worn plumage belonging to Dr.
Gumllach's collection, the same as that referred to by Mr. Lawrence, is ashy
above, with patches of olive-green ; the under parts creamy white, strongly
tinged with yellow across the breast and on crissum. The yellow patches
of tail feathers much restricted. A young male (34,.504), farther advanced,
has the adult plumage, with only a few patches of light ashy on the nape and
sides of neck, and some whitish spots on the chin

Length of 34,504, ^,4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .88; bill from
nostril, .32.

For the opportunity of examining specimens of this species I am
indebted to Dr. J. Gundlach, who has transmitted five specimens of
different ages and sexes. None of these, however, appear to be in
highest spring plumage, for which reason the comparison with the
allied species cannot be made entirely satisfactory, and the differ-
ences in coloration may not be really quite as great as they now
appear. The difference in the structure of the wing \j'ould, however,
alone be sufficient to separate this species from petechia. The tips
of the outer four quills are closer together; the 1st quill not .10 less
than the 2d ; the 2d longest ; the 3d and 4th successively very little
shorter ; the 1st longer, however, than the 5th. In petechia the 1st
quill is .20 shorter than the 3d (which is longest) ; the 4th is nearly
as long, and decidedly exceeding the 2d ; the 1st shorter than the
5tli, or about equal to the Gth.

None of the Cuban specimens before me show the red vertex of
the full plumaged petechia of Jamaica ; the feathers being tinged
centrally like immature males of the latter species ; but, from Mr.
Lawrence's statement, the reddish crown belongs equally to both
species. The differences in wings and tail, however, exist throughout
the entire series of the species. The colors above are much brighter
and more yellowish in petechia; the wing coverts are broadly edged
with yellowish-green, like the back, which color on the edges, and
still more on the ends of the greater and middle coverts, passes into
almost decided yellow ; the edge of the alula and of the wing are
bright golden yellow ; all the quills are edged conspicuously and
uniformly on the outside like the back, and inside abruptly with
yellow. In albicollis the edging of the wing feathers is much duller
and more uniform, without the bright yellow of the coverts and alula.
The outer edges of the primaries are more inclined to gray ; the
yellow of the inner edges of the quills paler, and less abrupt. The
yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers in albicollis is more
contracted ; does not come up so sharply to the shaft, but is usually
separated from it, and the 5th feather has only the inner margin
yellow, instead of being of this color nearly to the shaft. As already

DENDROICA.

199

remarked, however, these differences in coloration may be less appa-
rent with more perfect specimens.

The upper parts are much darker and more olivaceous than in
sestiva ; the top and side of the head lack the bright yellow. The
tibiae are grayish-olive, not bright yellow ; the yellow of the wing
coverts is wanting, and the yellow edging of the quills internally
much less. In sesliva the yellow of the tail is more extended — the
outer feather being entirely of this color, excepting a streak in the
end of the outer web ; and even in the fifth tail feather the entire
inner web is yellow, except at the extreme tip. The wing is much
more pointed in sediva ; the 1st quill being generally longest, and
considerably exceeding the 4th, instead of being less.

The determination of the specific name of this species has been a
matter of considerable perplexity. I am by no means satisfied that
the St. Doraingan and the Cuban birds are the same ; and even if
identical, the name alhicollis is a misnomer, liable to cause a very
erroneous impression, as the throat is golden-yellow, except in the
very young bird, when alone it is dirty whitish. I have, therefore,
thought best to impose a new name, borrowing it from the eminent
naturalist who has given to us a knowledge of the Ornithology of
Cuba scarcely less perfect than that of the eastern United States.

The name of chloroleuca, Gmelin, which may refer to the same
species, unless there be two with rufous crown in St. Domingo, is
equally objectionable with albicoUis.

Smith-

CoUec-

Sex

souian
No.

tor's

No.

and

A.-e.

3t,503
34,-503
34,504
34,J05

Locality.

Whpn
Collected.

Received from

April, 1S64. Dr. J. Gundlath.

Collected by

Dendroica petecliia.

Motacilla petechia, Lixx. S. N. I, 1766, 3.34 (based on Avicnia lutca
i-ertive rubra, Edwards, V, 99, tab. 256, fig. 2, erroneously quoted
ag from Peaiia.). — Dendroica petechia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1S61, 71. —
Id. Catal. 1801, 32, no. 195.— March, Pr. An. Sc. 1863, 292 (.Ja-
maica; nesting).

Syhncola sestiva, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 157.

Hah. Jamaica.

(No. 22,153, '^ .) Above yellowish-green, rather brighter on the rnmp ; the
top of the head from bill, brownish-orange, with the bases of the feathers yel-
low (in some specimens their tips not unfrequentlylike the back, thus conceal-

200 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.

ing the orange). Under parts, including tibra, lores, and cheeks helow the eye,
bright golden-yellow, the jugulum, breast, and sides streaked with brownish-
orange ; crissum plain. Wing feathers dark brown, broadly margined ex-
ternally with the color of the back, of nearly the same tint on the edges of
the primaries, but considerably more yellowish towards the edges of the greater
and middle coverts and secondaries. All -"he quills edged internally (and the
alula externally) and sliarply with sulphur-yellow, like the lining of the
wings, but not reaching the shaft of the feather — being cvit oQ' even at the
base of the feather by a very narrow portion of the ground color. Tail feathers
dark greenish-brown, becoming darker centrally, the outer edges like the
back ; the shafts black above, white beneath, the inner webs (except in the
two central) bright yellow, except at the tips — the yellow not quite reaching
the shaft on the fourth feather, and extending only half way to it on the fifth.
In specimens of less perfect plumage the shafts of all the feathers are margined
internally with the color of the outer webs, this widening on the more anterior
feather.

The female (and perhaps autumnal male) differs in a more restricted amount
or entire deficiency of the brownish-orange ol the crown, and the more obsolete
stripes beneath, as well as to some extent in the markings of the tail as above
described. Young birds have the throat and chin creamy white, the nuchal
region and the sides of head and neck strongly tinged with light ash. The
other characters appear much as described.

The wings in this. bird are rather short, and much rounded ; the 3d quill is
longest ; the 4th a little shorter than the 2d ; the 1st is intermediate between
the 5th and 6th, very rarely equal to, still less frequently a little longer than
the 5th, perhaps never exceeding the 4th. In eight specimens the succession
of length of the quills is expressed by the formula 3. 4. 2. 5.1.6; in two,
3. 4. 2. 1. 5. 6. The tail is considerably rounded.

Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.62; tail, 2.30, its graduation .15; difference
between 1st and 3d primaries, .22; bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32,
along gape, .60 ; tarsus, .80.

This species, though very similar iu external appearance to D.
sestiva, may be readily distinguished on comparison. It is a rather
larger bird, with much (disproportionately) broader ciuills and tail
feathers. Thus the greatest width of the outer primary is ..31, in-
stead of .25 to .2'7. A difference in the proportion of the quills is
constant. As stated, the 3d quill is generally longest in petechia;
the 1st generally shorter than the 6th, always shorter than the 4th.
In sestiva the wing is much more pointed ; the 1st quill is about
equal to the 2d and 3d, rarely a little shorter ; more frequently longer,
and .25 or more longer than the 5th, instead of being less ; and very
nearly ecjual to the 3d, not .20 shorter.

The differences in coloration consist in the more greenish tinge of
the upper parts in petechia ; the edges of the quills greenish-yellow,
especially the outer primaries, not almost pure yellow. The yellow
of the inner webs of the tail feather, in very perfect specimens, only

DENDROICA.

2C1

reaches the shaft on the outer three feathers alone, and in fact even
here the upper surface shows a slight suffusion of the color of the
shaft along its inner edge. The isolation on the fourth feather, how-
ever, amounts to two or three hundredths of an inch, and on the
fifth to half the web. In most specimens, however, there is more
or less brown along the inside of all the shafts. In high ])lumaged
males of sestiva the yellow reaches the shaft in the outer five feathers,
the fifth exhibiting a slight suffusion only in its terminal half; some-
times, however, this suffusion is seen on the fourth. There is con-
siderably less yellow on the inner edges of the quills than in sestiva
in which the yellow reaches the shaft near the base.

The orange-brown tinge to the whole top of the head is an im-
portant character of j^x^fechia, even though sometimes wanting or
obscured. Not unfrequently, however, traces of the same are seen in
sestiva; and one specimen (4,300, Louisiana) has as much reddish
in the crown as many males of petechia.

I have not noticed, in petechia, the obscure brownish streaks seen
on the backs of high plumaged specimens of sestiva ; and the rump
is more uniformly greenish-olive, instead of having the feathers
much edge